Hepatobilliary 2

Question 1

What is obstructive jaundice?

Answer 1

Obstructive jaundice is a condition where there is blockage of the bile ducts, leading to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.

Question 2

What causes obstructive jaundice?

Answer 2

Causes include gallstones, tumors, strictures, and infections.

Question 3

What are the signs and symptoms of obstructive jaundice?

Answer 3

: Symptoms include yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, pale stools, and itching.

Question 4

What are the complications of obstructive jaundice?

Answer 4

Complications can include biliary cirrhosis, cholangitis, and liver damage.

Question 5

What is the radiographic appearance of obstructive jaundice?

Answer 5

: Imaging may show dilated bile ducts and the cause of the obstruction, such as stones or tumors.

Question 5

What imaging modalities are used to diagnose obstructive jaundice?

Answer 5

: Ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and MRCP (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography) are used.

Question 6

What is haemolytic jaundice?

Answer 6

Haemolytic jaundice occurs when there is excessive breakdown of red blood cells, leading to high levels of bilirubin.

Question 7

What causes haemolytic jaundice?

Answer 7

Causes include hemolytic anemia, infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain toxins.

Question 8

What are the signs and symptoms of haemolytic jaundice?

Answer 8

Symptoms include yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, and an enlarged spleen.

Question 9

What are the complications of haemolytic jaundice?

Answer 9

: Complications can include gallstones, severe anemia, and spleen enlargement.

Question 9

What is the radiographic appearance of haemolytic jaundice?

Answer 9

Imaging may show an enlarged spleen and possible gallstones.

Question 10

What imaging modalities are used to diagnose haemolytic jaundice?

Answer 10

: Ultrasound, CT scans, and blood tests are commonly used.

Question 11

What is liver cirrhosis?

Answer 11

Liver cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.

Question 12

What causes liver cirrhosis?

Answer 12

: Causes include chronic alcohol abuse, hepatitis B and C, fatty liver disease, and genetic disorders.

Question 13

What is the radiographic appearance of liver cirrhosis?

Answer 13

: Radiographically, the liver may appear shrunken with an irregular surface, and there may be signs of portal hypertension and ascites on imaging.

Question 14

What are the complications of liver cirrhosis?

Answer 14

Complications can include liver failure, portal hypertension, variceal bleeding, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Question 14

What are the signs and symptoms of liver cirrhosis?

Answer 14

: Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, easy bruising, and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen).

Question 15

What imaging modalities are used to diagnose liver cirrhosis?

Answer 15

Ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and sometimes liver biopsy are used.