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Farm (year 4) > Urinary tract > Flashcards

Urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

what should be examined when presented with a suspected case with urinary issues?

A

history - all clinical signs
frequency/ease of urination
urine - smell/appearance
rectal - left kidney, bladder (pain?)
external anatomy (uroliths, pus, urine stain…)

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2
Q

why is catheterising ruminants difficult?

A

suburethral diverticulum (females)
sigmoid flexure

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3
Q

what needs to be done when placing a urinary catheter in female ruminants?

A

put finger into suburethral diverticulum to block it so the catheter doesn’t go into it

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4
Q

what is the rough pH of herbivore urine?

A

slightly alkaline

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5
Q

what is the range of normal specific gravity for herbivores urine?

A

1.020 to 1.045

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of urinary disease?

A

abdominal pain
dysuria
haematuria, pyuria, calculi
polyuria
anuria
oliguria
proteinuria

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7
Q

if the animal begins to look a lot brighter after having a suspected urinary blockage, what could have happened?

A

bladder has recently ruptured - start to decline rapidly after a few hours

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8
Q

what is haematuria?

A

blood in urine

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9
Q

what are some possible differentials for haematuria?

A

pyelonephritis
cystitis
urolithiasis
enzootic haematuria
acute bracken poisoning
toxic nephrosis (acorns)
glomerulonephritis

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10
Q

what are some differentials for haemoglobinuria?

A

babesiosis (redwater)
post parturient haemoglobinuria
bacillary haemoglobinuria (Clostridium haemoliticum)

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11
Q

what is hypospadia?

A

the urethra doesn’t close properly (can be managed to fattening with proper management)

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12
Q

what is the classic bacteria associated with pyelonephritis?

A

Corynebacterium renale (E. coli common)

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13
Q

what is the usually route of pyelonephritis transmission?

A

via ascending infection (also haematogenous)

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14
Q

what are the clinical signs of pyelonephritis?

A

chronic weight loss
mild pyrexia
appetite usually fine
dysuria
blood/pus in urine

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15
Q

how is pyelonephritis treated?

A

long course of penicillin or oxytetracycline

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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of cystitis?

A

chronic weight loss
mild pyrexia
appetite usually fine
dysuria
blood/pus in urine
(similar to pyelonephritis but with more straining)

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17
Q

what is amyloidosis?

A

deposition of amyloid produced by antigen/antibody complexes

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18
Q

what are some clinical signs of amyloidosis?

A

off food and general illness
profuse diarrhoea
generalised subcutaneous oedema
polydipsia/polyuria
proteinuria
low plasma albumin

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19
Q

what is the classical finding of amyloidosis on post mortem examination?

A

pale swollen kidneys

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20
Q

what are the main differentials for haematuria?

A

enzootic haematuria
bracken poisoning
toxic nephritis
pyelonephritis (with pus)

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21
Q

why does long term ingestion of bracken lead to?

A

enzootic haematuria

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22
Q

what effect does bracken ingestion have in sheep?

A

blindness - sheep retinal atrophy

23
Q

what effect does bracken have on the body?

A

bone marrow toxicity - pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia
petechiae in mouth, conjunctiva, vulva…
subcutaneous bruising
blood clots - urine, faeces…
pyrexia and depression
bloody diarrhoea
death

24
Q

what causes toxic nephrosis?

A

oak (acorn) poisoning - tannins cause kidney damage

25
Q

what are the clinical signs of toxic nephrosis?

A

anorexia, depression, bloat (ruminal stasis), constipation, fetid diarrhoea, death

26
Q

how can toxic nephrosis be treated? (acorn poisoning)

A

charcoal, rumenotomy, move other animals (often already absorbed tannin and little you can do)

27
Q

what bacteria is associated with bacillary haemoglobinuria?

A

Clostridium haemolyticum

28
Q

where is Clostridium haemolyticum found dormant?

A

soil and liver

29
Q

what parasite can trigger Clostridium haemolyticum?

A

migrating fluke larvae (blacks disease)

30
Q

what are the clinical signs of bacillary haemoglobinuria?

A

pyrexia, jaundice, anaemia, oedema, haemoglobinuria (fatal)

31
Q

how can Clostridium haemoglobinuria be controlled?

A

fluke control
vaccinate - blacks disease

32
Q

what causes babesiosis?

A

Babesia divergens

33
Q

what spreads Babesia divergins?

A

ticks (Ixodes ricinus)

34
Q

what type of immunity do animals get to Babesia divergins?

A

inverse age - expose them when young

35
Q

what are the clinical signs of babesiosis?

A

pyrexia
anaemia
haemoglobinuria
diarrhoea (later constipation)

36
Q

what is the treatment for babesiosis?

A

imidocarb

37
Q

what are the two treatment regimes for babesiosis?

A

curative - low dose subcutaneous injection
preventative - high dose subcutaneous injection

38
Q

what needs to be done if you give imidocarb to an animal with babesiosis?

A

contact divisional veterinary manager due to long meat withhold

39
Q

what cows is post-parturient haemolglobinuria associated with?

A

older high yielding dairy cows

40
Q

how is post parturient haemoglobinuria treated?

A

phosphorous - vigophos
blood transfusion

41
Q

what is used as the anticoagulant in blood transfusions?

A

sodium citrate (heparin metabolised much slow which could cause the cow to bleed out)

42
Q

what are the three animals that present with urolithiasis?

A

2-4 month old ram lambs
mature early castrated goats
bull beef calves

43
Q

what are the risk factors for urolithiasis?

A

calcium:phosphorous imbalances
high concentrates
water deprivation
history of diet change
forage quality/concentrate intake
inappropriate feed - pig nuts in goat mix…

44
Q

what are the clinical signs of urolithiasis?

A

restlessness - mild/severe
abdominal pain and straining (hiccups)
dysuria/anuria
preputial crystals/sand
urethral/bladder rupture (swelling, fluid thrill)

45
Q

what are the most common sites for blockages in the urinary tract of males?

A

sigmoid flexure
vermiform appendage
urethral recess

46
Q

do sheep cope if you cut their vermiform appendage off?

A

yes

47
Q

how can urolithiasis be treated?

A

remove vermiform appendage
tube cystotomy
stabilise - IV fluids

48
Q

what needs to be done to be able to exteriorise the end of the penis in early castrate goats?

A

sedate and local GA then place forceps into prepuce and cut down prepuce to exteriorise

49
Q

if cutting off the vermiform appendage doesn’t work to unblock the animal, what is done next?

A

percutaneous bladder catheterisation (if bladder is full and visible on ultrasound)

50
Q

how is a urethrostomy carried out?

A

standing/epidural anaesthesia
midline incision below anus
blunt dissect and transect the penis distally
place catheter and leave for a few days

51
Q

if an animal has water belly due to rupture of the bladder/urethra, how is this treated?

A

incise in multiple locations to drain
bath/spray with salt water regularly
antibiotic cover and fly control

52
Q

how can urolithiasis be prevented?

A

urinary acidification - ammonium chloride
check diet

53
Q

why is not indicated to use alpha 2 agonists in suspected urolithiasis cases?

A

can cause increased urination

Farm (year 4) (17 decks)

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