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Farm (year 4) > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is toxicosis?

A

disease state that results from exposure of a poison

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2
Q

what causes lead poisoning?

A

ingestion of lead from soil or point sources (paint, batteries…)

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3
Q

what are the clinical signs of acute lead poisoning?

A

sudden onset muscle tremors, twitching, hyperthermia, salivation, rolling eyes, blindness, convulsions, pupillary dilation
death

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4
Q

what animals is acute lead poisoning found in?

A

young calves

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of subacute lead poisoning?

A

illness, anorexia, salivation, blindness, incoordination, staggering, circling, ruminal atony, recumbency

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6
Q

what type of clinical signs does acute/subacute lead poisoning case?

A

neurological

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7
Q

what is the typical cause of chronic lead poisoning?

A

lambs exposed to soils high in lead

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8
Q

what are the two syndromes associated with chronic lead poisoning?

A

ill thrift with gait abnormalities
lameness with paralysis and fractures

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9
Q

why is subclinical lead poisoning an issue?

A

chronic low levels cause no clinical signs but there may be residues in meat/milk

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10
Q

what can be used to treat lead poisoning?

A

chelation therapy
thiamine hydrochloride
supportive therapy
rumenotomy

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11
Q

what is the measure of control to avoid contamination of the food chain if animals have had lead poisoning?

A

16 week voluntary withdrawal

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12
Q

if emergency slaughter is needed for an animal during the 16 week voluntary withdrawal period for a herd with lead poisoning?

A

if cow is clinically unaffected - should have FCI and offal should be discarded

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13
Q

when is copper poisoning usually seen in cattle?

A

if they have access to pig feed or graze pastures fertilised with pig manure

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14
Q

what are the clinical signs of copper poisoning?

A

depressed, anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobinuria, ataxia, recumbency, death

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15
Q

what are the post mortem findings of an animal with copper poisoning?

A

pale/jaundiced carcass
pale tan/bronzed liver
red/black urine
secondary lung consolidation

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16
Q

what is used to treat copper poisoning?

A

supportive
copper antagonist - molybdenum/sulphur

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17
Q

what causes selenium poisoning?

A

excessive supplementation

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18
Q

what are the clinical signs of selenium poisoning?

A

staggering gait, dyspnoea, tympany, colic, diarrhoea, recumbency, cyanosis, death
(damaged cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary and lymphoid tissue)

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19
Q

what are the post mortem findings of an animal with selenium poisoning?

A

subcutaneous haemorrhage, straw coloured fluid in pericardium, pulmonary oedema, abomasitis, hepatic congestion, brain stem haemorrhage

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20
Q

what treatment is used for selenium poisoning?

A

none - supportive

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21
Q

what is the main farm animal that anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning is seen in?

A

pigs - poison and rats that have ingested poison

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22
Q

what are the clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

A

anaemic, non-pyrexic, weak, haemorrhages

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23
Q

why is excessive intake of nitrate poisonous?

A

rumen bugs convert it to nitrite which gets into blood stream which converts haemoglobin to methaemoglobin which won’t transport oxygen

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24
Q

what are the clinical signs of nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A

anoxia, cyanotic membranes, tachypnoea, weak/rapid pulse (due to lack of oxygen)

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25
Q

how does blood appear if the animal has nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A

chocolate-brown discolouration

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26
Q

what is used to treat nitrate/nitrite poisoning?

A

IV methylene blue

27
Q

what is the usual aetiology of botulism?

A

using broiler chicken litter as fertiliser

28
Q

what are the clinical signs of botulism?

A

found dead
recumbent and flaccid paralysis

29
Q

what is used to treat botulism?

A

no treatment available

30
Q

how long do recovered botulism cases have to wait before going into the food chain?

A

18 days

31
Q

what is the main sign of mycotoxins?

A

refusal of feed containing these toxins

32
Q

what are some control measures to prevent against mycotoxins?

A

dry grain to correct moisture
prevent silage being exposed to oxygen
keep straw dry
avoid feeding mould or spoilage
clean crop stores between batches

33
Q

what produces aflatoxins?

A

Aspergillus fungi

34
Q

what are the clinical signs of aflatoxin poisoning?

A

hepatic disease
decrease intake and milk yield
immunsuppression (immune supression)

35
Q

what produces deoxynivalenol (DON)?

A

Fusarium fungi

36
Q

what are the clinical signs of deoxynivalenol poisoning?

A

lower intakes and milk yield
diarrhoea
immune alterations

37
Q

what produces zearalenone?

A

Fusarium fungi (enhanced by high temperatures)

38
Q

what is the main species effected by zearalenone poisoning?

A

pigs

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of zearalenone poisoning?

A

hyperoestrogenism - vulval and mammary gland swelling
nymphomania
rectal/vaginal prolapses

40
Q

what are the clinical signs of facial eczema?

A

ill thrift, reduced fertility, photosensitisation

41
Q

what causes facial eczema?

A

mycotoxins

42
Q

are there any specific treatments available for mycotoxins?

A

no specific treatments (supportive)

43
Q

what causes ryegrass staggers?

A

mycotoxin (lolittrem) produced by ryegrass

44
Q

what are the clinical signs of ryegrass staggers?

A

fine head/neck tremors, head nodding, collapse and lateral recumbency
tetanic spasms

45
Q

what causes ergotism?

A

ingestion of ergot alkaloids produced by parasitic fungi on small grain crops

46
Q

what are the clinical signs of ergotism?

A

capillary damage causing cold/numb extremities resulting in gangrenous lesions of the lower limbs

47
Q

what are plant poisonings often associated with?

A

poor pasture/overgrazing
herbicide usage
conserved forages (drying)

48
Q

what is the toxin in ragwort?

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloids

49
Q

what system is ragwort toxic to?

A

hepatotoxin

50
Q

what are the clinical signs of ragwort poisoning?

A

weight loss, oedema, diarrhoea
photosensitisation

51
Q

what are some toxins found in brassica crops?

A

nitrate/nitrite, oxalates, goitrogens

52
Q

what is the toxin found in St Johns wort?

A

hypericin

53
Q

what system is St Johns wort toxic to?

A

liver

54
Q

what are the clinical signs of St Johns wort?

A

photosensitisation - erythema, swelling, skin necrosis

55
Q

what is the main clinical sign of rhododendron poisoning?

A

projectile vomiting

56
Q

what systems are effected by rhododendron poisoning?

A

muscle and nervous systems

57
Q

what are the clinical signs of rhododendron poisoning?

A

abdominal pain, vomiting, tremors, staggering, recumbency

58
Q

what are the poisons present in acorns/oak?

A

phenols and tanins

59
Q

what are the clinical signs of oak poisoning?

A

alimentary - colic, weight loss, consipation then black tarry faeces
haematuria

60
Q

what does bracken cause in cattle?

A

enzootic haematuria

61
Q

what clinical signs does bracken cause in sheep?

A

bright blindness

62
Q

what are the toxins found in bracken?

A

thiaminases
cyanogenic glycoside

63
Q

what does yew poisoning cause?

A

sudden death

Farm (year 4) (17 decks)

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