Nutrition Flashcards
what is toxicosis?
disease state that results from exposure of a poison
what causes lead poisoning?
ingestion of lead from soil or point sources (paint, batteries…)
what are the clinical signs of acute lead poisoning?
sudden onset muscle tremors, twitching, hyperthermia, salivation, rolling eyes, blindness, convulsions, pupillary dilation
death
what animals is acute lead poisoning found in?
young calves
what are the clinical signs of subacute lead poisoning?
illness, anorexia, salivation, blindness, incoordination, staggering, circling, ruminal atony, recumbency
what type of clinical signs does acute/subacute lead poisoning case?
neurological
what is the typical cause of chronic lead poisoning?
lambs exposed to soils high in lead
what are the two syndromes associated with chronic lead poisoning?
ill thrift with gait abnormalities
lameness with paralysis and fractures
why is subclinical lead poisoning an issue?
chronic low levels cause no clinical signs but there may be residues in meat/milk
what can be used to treat lead poisoning?
chelation therapy
thiamine hydrochloride
supportive therapy
rumenotomy
what is the measure of control to avoid contamination of the food chain if animals have had lead poisoning?
16 week voluntary withdrawal
if emergency slaughter is needed for an animal during the 16 week voluntary withdrawal period for a herd with lead poisoning?
if cow is clinically unaffected - should have FCI and offal should be discarded
when is copper poisoning usually seen in cattle?
if they have access to pig feed or graze pastures fertilised with pig manure
what are the clinical signs of copper poisoning?
depressed, anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobinuria, ataxia, recumbency, death
what are the post mortem findings of an animal with copper poisoning?
pale/jaundiced carcass
pale tan/bronzed liver
red/black urine
secondary lung consolidation
what is used to treat copper poisoning?
supportive
copper antagonist - molybdenum/sulphur
what causes selenium poisoning?
excessive supplementation
what are the clinical signs of selenium poisoning?
staggering gait, dyspnoea, tympany, colic, diarrhoea, recumbency, cyanosis, death
(damaged cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary and lymphoid tissue)
what are the post mortem findings of an animal with selenium poisoning?
subcutaneous haemorrhage, straw coloured fluid in pericardium, pulmonary oedema, abomasitis, hepatic congestion, brain stem haemorrhage
what treatment is used for selenium poisoning?
none - supportive
what is the main farm animal that anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning is seen in?
pigs - poison and rats that have ingested poison
what are the clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?
anaemic, non-pyrexic, weak, haemorrhages
why is excessive intake of nitrate poisonous?
rumen bugs convert it to nitrite which gets into blood stream which converts haemoglobin to methaemoglobin which won’t transport oxygen
what are the clinical signs of nitrate/nitrite poisoning?
anoxia, cyanotic membranes, tachypnoea, weak/rapid pulse (due to lack of oxygen)
how does blood appear if the animal has nitrate/nitrite poisoning?
chocolate-brown discolouration
what is used to treat nitrate/nitrite poisoning?
IV methylene blue
what is the usual aetiology of botulism?
using broiler chicken litter as fertiliser
what are the clinical signs of botulism?
found dead
recumbent and flaccid paralysis
what is used to treat botulism?
no treatment available
how long do recovered botulism cases have to wait before going into the food chain?
18 days
what is the main sign of mycotoxins?
refusal of feed containing these toxins
what are some control measures to prevent against mycotoxins?
dry grain to correct moisture
prevent silage being exposed to oxygen
keep straw dry
avoid feeding mould or spoilage
clean crop stores between batches
what produces aflatoxins?
Aspergillus fungi
what are the clinical signs of aflatoxin poisoning?
hepatic disease
decrease intake and milk yield
immunsuppression (immune supression)
what produces deoxynivalenol (DON)?
Fusarium fungi
what are the clinical signs of deoxynivalenol poisoning?
lower intakes and milk yield
diarrhoea
immune alterations
what produces zearalenone?
Fusarium fungi (enhanced by high temperatures)
what is the main species effected by zearalenone poisoning?
pigs
what are the clinical signs of zearalenone poisoning?
hyperoestrogenism - vulval and mammary gland swelling
nymphomania
rectal/vaginal prolapses
what are the clinical signs of facial eczema?
ill thrift, reduced fertility, photosensitisation
what causes facial eczema?
mycotoxins
are there any specific treatments available for mycotoxins?
no specific treatments (supportive)
what causes ryegrass staggers?
mycotoxin (lolittrem) produced by ryegrass
what are the clinical signs of ryegrass staggers?
fine head/neck tremors, head nodding, collapse and lateral recumbency
tetanic spasms
what causes ergotism?
ingestion of ergot alkaloids produced by parasitic fungi on small grain crops
what are the clinical signs of ergotism?
capillary damage causing cold/numb extremities resulting in gangrenous lesions of the lower limbs
what are plant poisonings often associated with?
poor pasture/overgrazing
herbicide usage
conserved forages (drying)
what is the toxin in ragwort?
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
what system is ragwort toxic to?
hepatotoxin
what are the clinical signs of ragwort poisoning?
weight loss, oedema, diarrhoea
photosensitisation
what are some toxins found in brassica crops?
nitrate/nitrite, oxalates, goitrogens
what is the toxin found in St Johns wort?
hypericin
what system is St Johns wort toxic to?
liver
what are the clinical signs of St Johns wort?
photosensitisation - erythema, swelling, skin necrosis
what is the main clinical sign of rhododendron poisoning?
projectile vomiting
what systems are effected by rhododendron poisoning?
muscle and nervous systems
what are the clinical signs of rhododendron poisoning?
abdominal pain, vomiting, tremors, staggering, recumbency
what are the poisons present in acorns/oak?
phenols and tanins
what are the clinical signs of oak poisoning?
alimentary - colic, weight loss, consipation then black tarry faeces
haematuria
what does bracken cause in cattle?
enzootic haematuria
what clinical signs does bracken cause in sheep?
bright blindness
what are the toxins found in bracken?
thiaminases
cyanogenic glycoside
what does yew poisoning cause?
sudden death
