Cardiology and death Flashcards
what are some non-cardiac signs of cardiac disease?
reduced production
exercise intolerance
increased urine output
syncope
poor apprentice/BCS
what can be examined to check the cardiovascular system?
skin tone (dehydration)
regional temperatures (ears…)
mucous membranes
pulse
heart rate/rhythm/amplitude
why may the MM be pale?
anaemia - deficiencies, toxicities, blood/protein loss
poor perfusion - shock, heart failure, thrombosis
what are some deficiencies that could cause anaemia?
iron, copper, cobalt
what are some toxicities that may cause anaemia?
kale, nitrate, molybdenum
what are some possible causes of red MM?
toxaemia
salmonella
pasturellosis
malignant catarrhal fever
infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
what can cause cyanosis of the MM?
respiratory failure
nitrate poisoning
metaldehyde poisoning
what can cause jaundice of MM?
hepatitis
haemolytic anaemia (babesia)
photosensitisation
ragwort, kale, lupin, copper poisoning
postpartum haemoglobinuria
leptospirosis
what can cause haemorrhagic colour MM?
anthrax
bracken
sweet vernal grass poisoning
acute copper toxicity
leptospirosis
mycotoxicosis
where can a pulse be measured on a cow?
middle coccygeal - below anus
medial inside forelimb
caudal auricular
what is the HR for calves?
100-120 bpm
what is the HR for cattle?
50-80 bpm (high yielder up to 95bpm)
what could cause a decreased amplitude of the heart?
myocardial weakness, toxaemia, shock
what can cause distention of the jugular vein?
right sided heart failure
should a jugular pulse be seen in normal cows?
yes - 1/3 the way up
what could a jugular pulse going all the way up the neck suggest?
endocarditis, pericarditis, haemothorax, hydrothorax, congestive heart failure, valvular stenosis
thymic/cardiac sporadic bovine leukosis
what causes the sub sound of the heart?
ventricular contraction and AV valve closure (systole)
what causes the dub sound of the heart?
closure of aortic/pulmonary valves (diastole)
what is the usual cause of endocarditis in cattle?
persistant bacteraemia (metritis, mastitis, nephritis…)
what valve is most commonly effected by endocarditis?
right atrioventricular
what are some congenital causes of heart murmurs?
ventricular septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus
patent foramen ovale
tetrology of fallot
what is hardware disease?
traumatic reticulitis
what breed has a genetic predisposition to dilated cardiomyopathy?
holstein cattle (being bred out)
where is the thrombus associated with caudal vena cava thrombosis found?
between liver and right atrium
