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Farm (year 4) > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of free range poultry?

A

during daylight poultry has access to ground with vegetables, mud, nettles, bark wood chips or mesh

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2
Q

what is the body temperature of poultry?

A

40-42

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3
Q

what is the heart rate of poultry?

A

120-160bpm

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4
Q

what is the respiratory rate of poultry?

A

20-130bpm

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5
Q

what external mites effect poultry?

A

lice, red mite, northern fowl mite, scaly leg mite, depluming mite

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6
Q

what is the main place to bleed a bird?

A

wing vein (also use jugular)

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7
Q

what is a notable feature of avian red blood cells?

A

nucleated

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8
Q

what is looked at for a BCS?

A

pin bones and breast muscle

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9
Q

what are some skeletal conditions effecting poultry?

A

fractures, kyphosis, scoliosis, spondylosis, bent breastbone, rickets

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10
Q

what is the only skin gland present on poultry?

A

uropygial/preen gland

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11
Q

what is the uropygial/preen gland for?

A

producing lipid secretions for feather maintenance

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12
Q

where is the uropygial/preen gland found?

A

outer auditory canal
ventral glands of cloaca

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13
Q

what is a brood patch?

A

location on the caudal half of ventral apterium that lose feathers prior to laying

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14
Q

what are some colours which would represent a discoloured comb?

A

pale, purple, black, yellow, white flakes, white spots

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15
Q

what is the function of the gizzard?

A

contains insoluble grit to mechanically break up the food

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16
Q

what is the function of the proventriculus?

A

acts as a stomach to break down food

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17
Q

where are capillaria found?

A

intestine

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18
Q

where is Heterakis found?

A

caeca

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19
Q

where are ascarids found?

A

intestine

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20
Q

where are trichostrongyles found?

A

intestines

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21
Q

what is the licensed wormer to control internal worm parasites?

A

flubendazole

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22
Q

how is flubendazole administered in backyard poultry?

A

for 7 days in feed

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23
Q

what protozoal internal parasites are found in poultry?

A

Eimeria spp.
Histamonus gallinarium
trichomonosis
hexamitosis

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24
Q

what bacterial infections effect the digestive tract of poultry?

A

E. coli
salmonella
campylobacter
clostridium

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25
Q

what is the function of the infundibulum in egg production?

A

capture the ovum

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26
Q

how long does the egg remain at the ovum?

A

0.5 hours

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27
Q

what is the function of the magnum in egg production?

A

adds the albumin

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28
Q

how long does the egg remain at the magnum?

A

3 hours

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29
Q

what is the function of the isthmus in egg production?

A

adds shell membrane

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30
Q

how long does the egg remain at the isthmus?

A

1.25 hours

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31
Q

what is the function of the uterus in egg production?

A

egg shell is added

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32
Q

how long does the egg remain in the uterus?

A

20 hours

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33
Q

what is the incubation time of chicken eggs?

A

21 days

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34
Q

how old should eggs be when they are incubated?

A

over 24 hours
<7 days

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35
Q

what is candling used for?

A

determine fertility of an egg

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36
Q

when can candling be done on an egg?

A

9-10 days after incubation

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37
Q

what will be seen when candling a fertile egg?

A

lots of blood vessels

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38
Q

what can be used to sex chicks?

A

vent or feathers

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39
Q

what is the difference between male and female chicks feathers?

A

males have more pointed feathers

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40
Q

what are some problems effecting backyard layers egg production?

A

oviduct infection (E. coli)
egg peritonitis
IBV infection
egg bound (lack of calcium)
vent gleet
pyometra

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41
Q

what are the non-infectious causes of neurological problems in backyard poultry?

A

poison - botulism, salt, heavy metals
nutritional - thiamine deficiency

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42
Q

what aged birds is infectious burial disease virus and chicken anaemia virus seen in?

A

young

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43
Q

why is infectious burial disease only seen in young birds?

A

multiplies in bursa of Fabricius which is only present in young birds

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44
Q

what is used to anaesthetise poultry?

A

ketamine
isoflurane/sevoflurane

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45
Q

what are some analgesics available for poultry?

A

buprenorphine
carprofen
ketoprofen
meloxicam

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46
Q

what is the biggest problem with vaccinating backyard poultry?

A

unavailability of small quantity doses
cold-chain/liquid nitrogen needed

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47
Q

what is used to euthanise poultry?

A

pentobarbitone
neck dislocation (<3kg)

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48
Q

what are the most commonly kept backyard waterfowl?

A

ducks

49
Q

how much water should backyard waterfowl have access to?

A

drinking and enough to submerge their head

50
Q

where are blood samples collected from in ducks?

A

medial metatarsal vein

51
Q

what cause angel wing in ducks?

A

excessive protein intake during rearing

52
Q

what age is pinioning allowed in waterfowl?

A

up to 7 days old

53
Q

what are the main diseases of young game bird chicks?

A

yolk sac infection - infection in egg/environment
septicaemia

54
Q

what can yolk sac infection of young game birds lead to?

A

naval infection

55
Q

what are the signs of starve out in young gamebirds?

A

lethargic chicks
empty gizzard/contains bedding material

56
Q

what can cause starve out in young game birds?

A

unhealthy breeding flock
prolonged hatching period
chilled after hatch
environment - temperature, ammonia, carbon
poor feed/water distribution

57
Q

what are the clinical signs of aspergillosis in young game birds?

A

gasping poults, weight loss, increased mortality

58
Q

how is aspergillosis treated in young gamebirds?

A

cull - treatment isn’t economical

59
Q

what are the clinical signs of rotavirus in gamebirds?

A

depression, dropped wings, closed eyes, huddling, ruffled feathers

60
Q

how is rotavirus prevented in young gamebirds?

A

frequent egg collection and cleaning
cleaning/disinfection between batches

61
Q

what are the clinical signs of spironucleosis and trichomoniasis in young gamebirds?

A

watery diarrhoea (yellow/frothy), dehydration, weight loss, uneven flock

62
Q

what is used to treat spironucleosis and trichomoniasis?

A

antibiotics and electrolytes

63
Q

what are the risk factors for spironucleaosia and trichomoniasis in young gamebirds?

A

wet/moist environment, overcrowding, stress

64
Q

what can be used to treat coccidiosis in young gamebirds?

A

toltrazuril
amprolium

65
Q

what aged gamebirds are effected by coccidiosis?

A

15 days to 16 weeks

66
Q

what are the biggest problems effecting release gamebird poults?

A

stress
enteritis/dysbacteriosis

67
Q

what are the clinical signs of enteritis in releasing gamebird poults?

A

scour and dehydration

68
Q

what can be used to treat enteritis in releasing gamebird poults?

A

antibiotics, hydration, acidification of water, electrolytes

69
Q

what are some stress factors relating to releasing gamebird poults?

A

transport, chill, search for food/water, predators…

70
Q

what are some signs of an unhealthy pigeon?

A

not eating/drinking
no eggs
no preening/ruffled feathers
little/different noise
abnormal/watery droppings
little activity/exercise

71
Q

what is the life expectancy of a pigeon?

A

20-30 years

72
Q

what is the temperature of a pigeon?

A

40-43

73
Q

what is the heart rate of a pigeon?

A

180-250 bpm

74
Q

what is the respiratory rate of a pigeon?

A

26 bpm

75
Q

what is the louse that effects pigeons?

A

Columbicola columbae

76
Q

what is used to treat lice in pigeons?

A

permethrin powder/sprays
spot-on ivermectin

77
Q

what is a notifiable disease of pigeons?

A

pigeon paramyxovirus

78
Q

what are the clinical signs of pigeon paramyxovirus?

A

PUPD, torticollis, unable to feed/fly, sudden death

79
Q

how can pigeon paramyxovirus be prevented?

A

vaccination

80
Q

what does trichomonas cause in pigeons?

A

canker

81
Q

how is trichomonas spread in pigeons?

A

via crop milk within hours of the chick hatching

82
Q

what can be used to treat canker?

A

carmidazole, rondidazole, dimetridazole

83
Q

what lesions are present with canker?

A

yellow necrotic lesions in the mouth

84
Q

what are the clinical signs of coccidiosis in pigeons?

A

green diarrhoea, weak, emaciated, fluffed up

85
Q

what are some non-infectious causes of mortality in chicks?

A

temperature, humidity, ventilation
water/feed
transport
nutritional deficiency

86
Q

what are some infectious causes of mortality in chicks?

A

navel/yolk sac infection (salmonella, E. coli…)
aspergillosis
vaccination reactions

87
Q

what are some immunosuppressive diseases of grower and pullets? (chickens)

A

infectious burial disease
chicken anaemia virus
mareks disease
reoviruses

88
Q

what are some respiratory diseases of growers and pullets? (chickens)

A

mycoplasma
infectious bronchitis virus
Newcastle disease virus
avian influenza virus
avian metapneumovirus
infectious laryngotracheitis
parasites - gapeworm

89
Q

what are the clinical signs of respiratory disease in chickens?

A

cough, sneeze
poor weight gain and FCR
reduced egg production

90
Q

what are some gastrointestinal tract diseases of growers and pullets? (chickens)

A

salmonella
E. coli
clostridium
campylobacter
parasites - worms/protozoa
crop mycosis

91
Q

what are some neurological diseases effecting growers and pullets? (chickens)

A

avian encephalomyelitis
mareks
botulism
nutritional
newcastles
avian influenza

92
Q

what are some non-infectious causes of lameness in growers and pullets? (chickens)

A

tibial dyschondroplasia
spondylolisthesis
rickets
ionophore toxicity

93
Q

what are some infectious causes of lameness in growers and pullets? (chickens)

A

mareks
botulism
bumblefoot
viral arthritis
infectious synovitis
staphylococcus (septic arthritis)

94
Q

what are the two main notifiable disease in chickens?

A

avian influenza
Newcastles disease

95
Q

what is the main organism of egg peritonitis?

A

E. coli

96
Q

what are some risk factors of egg peritonitis?

A

poor flock uniformity and weight
physical/hormonal stress

97
Q

how can egg peritonitis be prevented?

A

sustain body weight and uniformity
reduce stress
minimise bacterial challenge
vaccinate for primary pathogens (E. coli…)

98
Q

how does faeces of chickens appear when they have a Brachyspira infection?

A

yellow, thick, frothy

99
Q

what are some metabolic causes of a drop in egg production of chickens?

A

cage layer fatigue
fatty liver syndrome
fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome
water deprivation
sudden feed changes

100
Q

what causes egg drop syndrome?

A

adenovirus

101
Q

what are the signs of egg drop syndrome?

A

shell quality - rough, thin, soft, normal, loss of pigment
no specific lesions
drop in egg production

102
Q

what is the slaughter age of female turkeys?

A

12-15 weeks

103
Q

what is the slaughter age of male turkeys?

A

18-21 weeks

104
Q

what are some infectious causes of high mortality and poor growth of turkeys less than 3 weeks old?

A

naval/yolk sac infection
candidiasis
viral turkey hepatitis
aspergilossis
coccidiosis
turkey coryza
staphylococcus

105
Q

what are some infectious causes of lameness in growing turkeys?

A

bacterial arthritis
spondylolisthesis

106
Q

what are some respiratory diseases that effect growing turkeys?

A

mycoplasma
turkey coryza
fowl cholera
NDV, AID
turkey rhinotracheitis

107
Q

what are the species of eimeria important in causing coccidiosis in turkeys?

A

E. meleagrimitis
E. adenoides

108
Q

what is the difficulty of diagnosing coccidiosis in turkeys?

A

found in all turkeys so difficult to tell the significance of the lesion

109
Q

how can coccidiosis of turkeys be prevented?

A

coccidiostat (monensin, diclazuril…)
toltrazuril, sulphonamides
(don’t use tiamulin with ionophores)

110
Q

where is E. meleagrimitis found in turkeys?

A

upper small intestines

111
Q

where is E. adenoids found in turkeys?

A

caecum an rectum

112
Q

what is the intermediate host of Histomonas meleagradis?

A

Heterakis gallinarium

113
Q

what does Histomonas meleagridis cause?

A

blackhead (histomoniasis)

114
Q

how is histomoniasis controlled in turkeys?

A

flubendazol to control Heterakis

115
Q

what is the main clinical sign of turkey coronavirus?

A

watery scour (9-11 weeks old)

116
Q

what age turkeys are effected by astrovirus?

A

5-10 days old

117
Q

what is the main clinical sign of astrovirus in turkeys?

A

typhilitis (caecum inflammation/infection)

118
Q

what age is rotavirus seen in turkeys?

A

2-3 weeks old

119
Q

what are the main clinical signs of rotavirus in turkeys?

A

enteritis and vent pecking

Farm (year 4) (17 decks)

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