Goats and Camelids Flashcards
what drugs are licensed in goats?
enrofloxicin, thiamphenicol spray (antibiotics)
eprinomectin, paromomycin
vaccines - rabies, johnes, S. aureus, C. burneti
NaCl, ketamine
what is the issue with enrofloxaci being one of the only licensed antibiotics in goats?
its a critically important antibiotic (shouldn’t really use)
what is the normal rectal temperature of goats?
38.7 - 40.7
what is the normal heart rate of adult goats?
70-120
what is the normal heart rate for kids up to 1 month old?
<200
what is the normal heart rate for kids ages 1-6 months old?
<140
what is the respiratory rate of adult goats?
15-30
what is the respiratory rate of kids?
20-40
what is the rumen activity rate of adult goats?
3-4 contractions in 2 minutes
what is the best site for taking bloods in goats?
jugular
how should the neck be positioned when taking bloods from goats?
straight up
what muscles should be used for IM injections in goats?
quadriceps and neck
how often do goats need boosters for clostridial disease?
every 6-8 months
what does C. perfringens type D cause in goats?
enterotoxaemia
what does C. perfringens type C cause in goats?
struck
what does C. perfringens type B cause in goats?
lamb dysentery
what does C. septicum cause in goats?
malignant oedema
what are the clinical signs of enterotoxaemia in goats?
per-acute - found dead
sub-acute - profuse diarrhoea and tenesmus
how is enterotoxaemia treated?
fluid therapy (electrolytes)
NSAIDs
charcoal/bismuth
what are some risk factors for enterotoxaemia?
rumen/metabolic acidosis
sudden diet change
stress (bullying, disease…)
what pathogen causes caprine arthritis encephalitis?
lentivirus
what is the treatment for caprine arthritis encephalitis?
none and very difficult to control
what are some effects of caprine arthritis encephalitis on the farm?
loss of production - early culling, loss of kids, milk and export drop
what disease of sheep is caprine arthritis virus similar to?
maedi-visna
what are the clinical signs of caprine arthritis encephalitis?
arthritis, encephalitis, mastitis, weight loss
what is the main route of transmutation for caprine arthritis encephalitis?
milk and colostrum (infected udder)
what are some clinical signs of listereriosis?
encephalitis (star gazing, ataxia, neurological…)
septicaemia
abortion
how can listeriosis be diagnosed?
clinical signs
(CSF and analysis)
how is listeriosis treated?
(aggressive treatment)
NSAID, fluid therapy, antibiotic (procaine penicilin)
what antibiotic is good for listeriosis treatment?
procaine penicillin
when does diarrhoea develop in goat (and sheep) with johnes?
terminal stages of disease
what is the vaccine for johnes called?
gudair
what are the notifiable disease of goats found in the UK?
tuberculosis
bluetongue
caprine arthritis encephalitis
maedi visna
scrapie
what are some differentials for weight loss in goats?
CAE
endoparasites
nutrition - bullying…
dental issues
scrapie
lameness
johnes
neoplasia
what are some possible causes of respiratory disease in goats?
pasteurellosis (Mannhaemia haemolytica)
Mycoplasmosis
lungworm
TB
what are some possible causes of anaemia in goats?
haemolysis/haemorrhage
endoparasites (haemonchus, fluke…)
lice
mycoplasma
chronic inflammatory disease
afibrinogenaemia
what goat breed is predisposed to afibrinogenaemia?
Saanen
what are some causes of foot disease in goats?
scald/footrot
treponema associated (CODD in sheep)
white line disease
pedal joint abscess
do older goats develop immunity to endoparasites?
no meaningful immunity developed
what endoparasites can goats get?
same as sheep/cows (including fluke) including with their own coccidia species
what ectoparasites can effect goats?
lice
blowfly (strike)
nuisance flies
mange - chorioptes, psoroptes, sarcoptes, demodex
what goats is seborrheic dermatitis seen in?
pygmy
what type of disorder is seborrheic dermatitis in pygmy goats?
primary/secondary keratinisation disorder
what are the clinical signs of seborrheic dermatitis of pygmy goats?
alopecia
skin flaking
crusting around eyes, lips, chin and perineum
how is seborrheic dermatitis treated?
topical steroids and mild antiseptic
(antibiotics if secondary bacterial infection present)
what are some issue with udder health in goats?
mastitis
teat biting
udder impetigo
udder enlargment
what is the treatment for teat biting in goats?
find adult culprit and remove/cull
what causes udder impetigo?
Staphylococcal infection
what can cause udder enlargement in goats?
maiden milkers/pseudopregnancy
suspensory ligament failure
what are maiden milkers?
goats that begin to produce milk without having given birth recently
should maiden milkers go into the milking trip?
no (unless in severe discomfort)
what diseases should be ruled out in cases of udder enlargement caused by suspensory ligament failure?
cystic ovarian disease
reproductive tract neoplasia
pyometra
how common is clinical mastitis is goats compared to cattle?
rare - however usually grade 3 (can be gangrenous) when they do get it
is clinical or sub-clinical mastitis more common in goats?
sub-clinical
how do SCC in goats compare to cows?
naturally much higher in goats (due to apocrine milk secretion)
what type of supernumerary teat do you need to take care when removing?
fishtail - can leave a fistula if you take one off
what is the issue with lumbosacral epidurals for caesarians in goats?
will remain recumbent for a little while (need to get up and feed/bond)
what is the prognosis for the dam in goat caesarians?
good (most survive)
what age do kids present with floppy kid disease?
3 days to 3 weeks old
which kids usually get floppy kid disease?
the biggest and healthiest one of the litter
what is the supposed cause of floppy kid disease?
acidosis
what is done to treat floppy kid disease?
supportive therapy and bicarbonate
what breed is effected by sticky kid disease?
golden guernseys
what sex is predisposed to sticky kid disease?
males
what is sticky kid disease?
excessive sebumen secretion in young kids meaning they remain wet/sticky after birth (hypothermia and respiratory disease)
what needs to be remembered regarding dosage of local anaesthetic in goats?
they have much lower dose rate (toxic in normal rates) - consider diluting to give more volume to achieve the block
what is a major risk when putting a goat under general anaesthetic?
much more susceptible to hypothermia than sheep/cows
what is a good oral analgesia to use in goats?
meloxicam - survives rumen transit
when is it legal to ring goats to castrate them?
<7 days old
when does castrating goats require a vet and anaesthesia?
> 2 months old
how can billy goats be temporarily castrated?
anti-GnRH vaccine (or use a belly apron)
what is the key differences when disbudding a kid compared to a calf?
need 2 nerve blocks
kids have much thinner skulls
what is the issue with dehorning goats?
will open sinuses
takes a long time to heal
will struggle to suture edges closed
what are the indications for goat dehorning?
broken horns
safety risk (very aggressive with young kids)
what nerves need blocking to disbud a kid?
corneal branch of infratrochlear nerves
corneal branch of lacrimal nerve
what predisposes goats to urolithiasis?
high concentrate diet and poor water quality (don’t want to drink)
where is blood taken from a camelid?
jugular (lower neck) - prominent lateral protrusions of vertebrae then move medially and you’re in the jugular groove
what part of the jugular should be used for injecting drugs into?
top third of the neck (further away from the carotid artery
what is the standard rate of fluid administration?
50 ml/kg per 24 hours
what type of fluid is used for camelids?
alkaline (regardless of age)
what side should you place a jugular catheter in camelids?
right towards the heart
when treating camelids with severe hypoproteinaemia what should be considered as a treatment?
plasma transfusion
what is signs of severe stress in camelids?
laboured mouth breathing
stress fold below eye
head bending backwards
(back off and leave them)
where are camelids microchipped?
in the upper left neck (shallow angle)
what must camelids be vaccinated against?
clostridial
what vaccines can be given to camelids?
clostridial
bluetongue
orf, lepto, slamonella
rotavirus and coronavirus
E. coli
how often should camelids be vaccinated for clostridial disease?
every 6-8 months
do camelids mount immunity to endoparasite infections?
no - don’t generate any immunity
what are the clinical signs of endoparasite infection?
soft faeces (diarrhoea)
ill thrift
anaemia
malaise/death
what is the cut off for FEC of Trichostrongyle type parasite?
300-400
what is a useful way to reduce parasite contamination of pasture in camelids?
poo picking (produce dung piles)
how much benzimadazoles should be used in camelids compared to sheep?
2 times sheep dose
what camelids should albendazole be avoided in?
pregnant females (teratogenic effects)
what should always be done before giving levamisole to camelids?
weigh (narrow toxicity spectrum)
how much monepantel should be given to camelids compared to sheep?
3 times sheep dose
what fluke treatment is available for camelids?
triclabendazole
closantel
albendazole
what are the species of eimeria that effect camelids?
E. lamae
E. punoensis
E. alpacae
E. macusaniensis (very large)
what is the prepatent period of Eimeria spp. in camelids?
10-18 days (E. macuaniensis is 30 days)
what can be used to treat coccidiosis in camelids?
baycox, vecoxan, albendazole
when should prophylactic treatment for coccidiosis be started in camelids?
at weaning for early born crias
2-3 months for late born crias
adults after stress
incoming animals
how is treatment administered for sarcoptic mange in camelids?
pour ons
how is treatment administered for chorioptic mange in camelids?
injectables (burrowing mite)
where is the best place to do a skin scrape for mites in camelids?
interdigital space
what is the distribution of chorioptic mange in camelids?
venture and limbs
how many treatments of ivermectin is needed to treat chorioptic/sarcoptic mange?
3-4 roughly 10 days apart
in severe cases of mange in camelids where a skin reaction is present, what treatments can be used?
keratolytic shampoos
skin conditioner
antibiotics (systemic)
what is munge?
hyperkeratosis of the muzzle in camelids
what age camelids is munge seen in?
weaning age and adolescents
what should always be ruled out before cutting into a lump on a camelid?
caseous lymphadenitis
what causes caseous lymphadenitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
how common are gastric ulcers in camelids?
extremely common (seen in majority of post mortems)
what can be used to treat gastric ulcers in camelids?
ranitidine and pantoprazole
why does care need to be taken when using a machine to run camelid bloods?
RBC are elliptical shape so need to calibrate the machine to this or they will be miscounted as thrombocytes
what can cause anaemia in camelids?
chronic disease
haemonchosis/fluke
gastric ulceration/haemolysis
ivermectin toxicity
mycoplasma haemollamae
what is a good way to determine whether an animal is ataxic or weak?
walk them in circles/backwards this will exaggerate the ataxia making it worse
lift one leg - if they are weak the other leg with begin to tremor due to the weight
what age should you castrate camelids?
> 18 months
why shouldn’t camelids be castrated before 18 months of age?
testosterone involved in skeletal maturity - castrating too early can lead to patellar luxation
is open or closed castration best for camelids?
closed (keep tunica vaginalis intact)
what are the top three differentials for weight loss in camelids?
parasites
bullying
tooth/jaw
when should incisors be trimmed in camelids?
if they are causing an issue - poor BCS, quitting…
how do permanent incisors compare to deciduous incisors in camelids?
deciduous are whiter
permanents and dirtier with parallel sides
what drugs are involved in the triple stun of camelids?
xylazine, ketamine, butorphanol
why does caesarian need to be considered earlier in camelids than in ewes?
long neck/legs makes it difficult
how long does it usually take foetal membranes to be passed in camelids?
1-3 hours (retained after 6)
