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Farm (year 4) > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

what is mastitis?

A

inflammation of mammary gland

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2
Q

what are the two categories of mastitis?

A

clinical
subclinical

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3
Q

what is the difference between clinical and subclinical mastitis?

A

clinical - visible changes in udder, milk and cow
subclinical - no visible clinical signs but changes to SCC, milk quality and yield

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4
Q

what are the type of clinical mastitis?

A

grade 1, 2A, 2C and 3

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5
Q

what is grade 1 mastitis?

A

mild mastitis with changes to milk (consistency, clots…)

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6
Q

what is grade 2A/C mastitis?

A

acute/chronic mastitis with changes to milk and udder ranges from hot and painful to hard and lumpy

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7
Q

what is grade 3 mastitis?

A

changes in milk and udder and cow is sick

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8
Q

what are the main environmental pathogens of mastitis?

A

E. coli
Strep uberis
Klebsiella spp.

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9
Q

what are the main contagious pathogens of mastitis?

A

Strep uberis
Strep agalactiae
Strep dysgalactiae
Staph aureus
Coagulase negative staphs
Mycoplasma spp.

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10
Q

what pathogen is both an environmental and contagious mastitis pathogen?

A

Strep uberis

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11
Q

what are the possible consequences of a cow not clearing a mastitis infection?

A

chronic infection causing spread to the herd
permanent udder damage (milk drop…)
death (toxaemia or cull)

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12
Q

are most contagious mastitis pathogens gram positive or negative?

A

positive

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13
Q

how does high somatic cell count effect the milk product?

A

high SCC milk goes off faster (due to the effect on the fat breakdown)

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14
Q

what is the legal limit for SCC?

A

repeatedly over 400 000 (want to be under 200 000 - financial penalties at this point)

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15
Q

what are the two defence systems of the mammary gland?

A

innate immune system (first line defence)
acquired immune system

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16
Q

what does the innate immune system of the mammary gland consist of?

A

resident leucocyte
antimicrobial substances in milk
teat canal
teak skin

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17
Q

how does the teat skin work as part of the innate immune system?

A

prevents colonisations of the teat with bacteria by its stratified squamous epithelium with bacteriostatic fatty acids

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18
Q

what can compromise the innate immune function of the teat skin?

A

chapping, bruising, trauma, teat lesions caused by the milking machine and calves…

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19
Q

what features of the teat canal help too protect against pathogens?

A

keratin lining traps bacteria and continuously sloughs
keratin plug seals off teat end when cow is dried off

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20
Q

how long does the teat sphincter muscle take to close after milking?

A

20-30 minutes

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21
Q

what are the grades of teat end hyperkeratosis?

A

no ring
smooth/slightly roughened ring
rough/very rough ring (increased mastitis)

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22
Q

what increased the risk of teat end hyperkeratosis?

A

excessive milking vacuums
faulty pulsations
liner type
teat shape

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23
Q

how can we protect the teat end/canal?

A

genetics (good conformation)
milking machine function
loafing time post milking (lameness??)
teat sealants/drying off

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24
Q

what factors inside the udder contribute to the innate immune system?

A

resident leucocytes
lactoperoxidase
lysozymes
lactoferrin
complement

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25
Q

what are the main resident leucocytes if the udder?

A

macrophages, neutrophils and T lymphocytes

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26
Q

what are the functions of the resident leucocytes of the udder?

A

phagocytosis and killing of pathogens
trigger acquired immune system (antigen presentation and pro-inflammatory mediators)

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27
Q

what produces lactoferrin in the udder?

A

epithelial cells and leucocytes

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28
Q

when is lactoferrin levels in the udder highest?

A

during the dry period (inhibit bacterial growth)

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29
Q

is lactoperoxidase bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bacteriostatic

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30
Q

are lysozymes bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bactericidal

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31
Q

what does the initial response of B lymphocytes in the udder produce?

A

IgM and IgG1

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32
Q

what does repeated exposure of B lymphocytes to pathogens on the udder cause production of?

A

IgG2

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33
Q

what are the two types of T lymphocytes involved in the acquired immune response of the udder?

A

T helper cell
T cytotoxic cells

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34
Q

what is the role of T cytotoxic cells in the udder?

A

eliminate host cells invaded by pathogens

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35
Q

what is the function of IgA in the acquired immune response in the udder?

A

agglutination of bacteria and neutralisation of toxins

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36
Q

what factors effect the mammary gland immunity?

A

genetics
stage of lactation
nutrition
vaccination
stress

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37
Q

what genetic traits effect the resistance to mastitis?

A

udder type, speed of milking, yield, neutrophil function
depends of breeds (even variation within breeds)

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38
Q

what genetic factors are we currently able to select for to increase mastitis resistance in cows?

A

low SCC (don’t want too low)
udder confirmation
yield

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39
Q

what are the high risk periods of lactation for mastitis infection?

A

early/late dry period and early lactation (these are times when immunity is lowest and the udder isn’t being cleared out)

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40
Q

when is the best time to clear the udder of mastitis infection?

A

middle of dry period down udder as involuted

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41
Q

why is the early and late dry period a risk factor for mastitis?

A

milk/colostrum production occurring - leakage and good growth medium

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42
Q

what factors of the dry period could predispose to mastitis?

A

cessation of milking - increased intramammary pressure and teat canal widening
no clearance of bacteria
no teat dipping
keratin plug takes time to form

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43
Q

why is neutrophil function decreased in the early dry period?

A

secretions have high fat and cell debris content which impairs the function

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44
Q

why is white blood cell function reduced in the udder of periparturient cows?

A

increased colostrogenesis interferes with neutrophil capacity
stress and hormone levels (cortisol is immunosuppressive)

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45
Q

how does nutrition effect mastitis?

A

negative energy balance - lower WBC count
SARA - poor hygiene and negative energy balance
hypocalcaemia - weakened teat sphincter

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46
Q

what mastitis pathogens is there a vaccine for?

A

Staph aureus, coliforms and coagulase negative staph
Strep uberis

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47
Q

what is the issue with the vaccine for mastitis pathogens?

A

must be given 3 or 4 times per lactation

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48
Q

how often do teat liners need replacing?

A

ever 2500 milkings or 6 months

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49
Q

if milk is unable to leave one of the claws during milking, what is the most likely cause of this?

A

problems with the air bleed

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50
Q

what is the pressure of the vacuum applied during milking?

A

42-48 kpa

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51
Q

what generates a non-continuous vacuum in the milking parlour?

A

pulsator (allows teat to rest and circulation to be restored)

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52
Q

how can mastitis infection be passed by the actual milking machine?

A

liner contamination
wet milking - milk flushed upwards due to inadequate vacuum or blocked air bleeds

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53
Q

what can cause a fluctuating/inadequate vacuum of the milking machine?

A

inadequate pump/reserve
holes in tubing
cluster falling off of slipping

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54
Q

what is teat end impact?

A

milk flowing back up to the teat end due to a blocked air bleed

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55
Q

if the pulsator is set too fast, what happens?

A

the teats don’t get enough rest - swollen blue teats causing damage to skin and teat end

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56
Q

what are some simple things that can be assessed on a milking machine?

A

blocked air bleeds
cleanliness of liners
wear of liners
perished/holed tubing
vacuum gauge (42-48kpa)

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57
Q

how often should a parlour be serviced?

A

every year

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58
Q

what are the positive of fore milking?

A

stimulate milk let down
early mastitis detection
(legal requirement)

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59
Q

what are common disinfectants used for pre-dipping in the parlour?

A

chlorohexidine
iodophors
chlorine dioxide
hypochlorite

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60
Q

what are some considerations for pre-dipping in the parlour?

A

correct concentration
correct contact time
correct coverage

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61
Q

what is the milk ejection reflex?

A

teat stimulation causes neural input to the hypothalamus which triggers oxytocin to be released from the posterior pituitary leading to myoepithelial cell contraction in the mammary gland

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62
Q

how long should be the time between wiping and putting the cluster on?

A

30-45 seconds

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63
Q

what are the possible constituents of a teat dip?

A

emollients
dye
disinfectant - iodine, chlorhexidine, lactic acid, ammonium compounds

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64
Q

what are the advantages/disadvantages of loafing time?

A

allows closure of sphincter to prevent environmental infection
but can exacerbate lameness

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65
Q

what is the ideal milking order?

A

(milk least likely to be infected/most susceptible first)
heifers
fresh calvers
high yielders
low yielders
high cell count
mastitis

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66
Q

how are high cell count or mastitic cows managed in the parlour?

A

mark them
use a separate cluster and disinfect/backflush
(hypochlorite or peracetic acid)

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67
Q

if a farm is having an issue wit Staph aureus mastitis, what should be done in the parlour wash routine?

A

should be a hot wash every milking

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68
Q

what are some infectious causes of teat damage?

A

warts - papilloma
pdeudo-cowpox
bovine herpes mammilitis
black spot
cowpox
udder impetigo

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69
Q

what are some non-infectious causes of teat damage?

A

hyperkeratosis
photosensitisation
chapped teats
cut teats
teat peas
teat stenosis
blind teats

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70
Q

what is an issue with warts on the teat end?

A

good place for bacteria to harbour
irregular shape means that disinfectant doesn’t get to all the skin
distort teat sphincter - bacteria get in

71
Q

what is the issue with using teat cannulas?

A

holds the sphincter/canal open - mastitis is extremely common

72
Q

what is the general treatment for teat disorders?

A

teat cannula
antibiotics
emollients
antiseptic
(milking order??)

73
Q

what age animal is bovine papillomatosis seen in?

A

young animals

74
Q

what are the issue with teat warts?

A

harbour bacteria (mastitis)
poor liner attachment
pain (calf sucking/milking)

75
Q

how are teat warts treated?

A

many self resolve
removal (surgery, league, cryosurgery)
autogenous vaccine
(fly control)

76
Q

what pathogen causes pseudocowpox?

A

parapox virus

77
Q

what shape are the lesions of pseudocowpox?

A

horse shoe/circular

78
Q

what is done to treat pseudocowpox?

A

post milking teat dipping (emollient and disinfectant)

79
Q

what pathogen causes bovine herpes mammilitis?

A

bovine herpes virus 2

80
Q

do cows develop immunity to bovine herpes mammilitis?

A

yes (lifelong)

81
Q

what is the main source of cowpox transmission?

A

cats (not seen in UK for years)

82
Q

what is black spot?

A

damage to the teat end (milking machine…) plus a secondary infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum

83
Q

how is black spot treated?

A

antibiotics and cannula
check milking machine

84
Q

what is usually the pathogen that causes udder/teat impetigo?

A

Staph aureus

85
Q

what type of lesions are seen with udder/teat impetigo?

A

pustular

86
Q

is it less painful to milk a chapped teat by hand or by machine?

A

by machine is usually tolerated better

87
Q

what are the three roles of teat dip?

A

pre-milking - remove environmental pathogens from teat skin
post-milking - kill bacteria after milking and protect from new infections
condition teat skin

88
Q

what possible disinfectants can be used in teat dips?

A

iodine
chlorhexidine
lactic acid
chlorine dioxide
ammonium compounds

89
Q

what are teat peas?

A

pedunculate granuloma attached to the wall of the teat canal (blocks milk flow)

90
Q

how are teat peas treated?

A

hudsons spiral inserted up teat canal and jerk to tear the granuloma off
mosquito forceps to tear the granuloma off
can do surgery
(needs prophylactic antibiotics to prevent mastitis)

91
Q

how is teat stenosis treated?

A

local anaesthetic and insert small teat knife then rotate

92
Q

what is the prognosis for treating teat stenos?

A

guarded as scar tissue often forms which causes stenosis

93
Q

if a teat is cut all the way through to the canal how is it treated?

A

insert cannula and then suture closed

94
Q

what are the five freedoms?

A

freedom from hunger/thirst
freedom from discomfort
freedom from pain/injury/disease
freedom for normal behaviour
freedom from fear/distress

95
Q

roughly how much lunging room does a cow need?

A

1m

96
Q

what is the minimum feed space needed or a dry cow?

A

1m

97
Q

what shape should a loose straw yard be?

A

rectangular (cows like to lie along the edge and don’t want them walking too far to get to feed/water)

98
Q

what is the cow comfort quotient?

A

number of cows correctly using a cubicle divided by number of cows interacting with any cubicle (want as high as possible)

99
Q

what can be used to prove poor cubicle design/use to a farmer?

A

disease - lameness, mastitis, lesions
behaviour of cows
adjust some to see how interaction changes

100
Q

what does a cow who has reversed into a cubicle indicate about the cubicle?

A

the curb is too high as they dislike backing down it
could indicate bullying issue as well

101
Q

what could back lesions indicate about a farms cubicles?

A

the lower rail height isn’t correct as it is rubbing when they are lying down

102
Q

what is the issue with using sand for bedding?

A

damaging to slurry system and settles in tower (takes a lot of management)

103
Q

what is green bedding?

A

recycled manure solids (only allowed in cubicles in UK)

104
Q

how many hours of light to cows need to maximise feed intake and milk production?

A

16-18 hours

105
Q

what in parlour monitoring can be done for mastitis?

A

fore milking
clinical signs
inline filters
California milk test

106
Q

what are the ways of monitoring/investigating mastitis on a farm?

A

in parlour monitoring
clinical case records
SCC
bulk milk bactoscan
bacteriology
multiplex PCR

107
Q

what is the California mastitis test?

A

detergent that breaks down cells in the sample which then releases DNA which turn gelatinous

108
Q

how does mastitis change the electrical conductivity of milk?

A

mastitis increases the electrical conductivity due to there being more chloride (this can be monitored on an individual cow basis)

109
Q

what can causes photosensitisation? (can be seen on udder)

A

plant ingestion
mycotoxicosis
liver disease

110
Q

what is the target for number of mastitis cases per 100 cows per year?

A

<30

111
Q

what does a high bulk tank SCC suggest about mastitis?

A

high number of chronically infected animals with mastitis

112
Q

what are the three main milk recording companies in the UK?

A

NMR (national milk recording)
CIS (cattle information service)
QMMS - quality milk management service

113
Q

what does a SCC of 100 000 to 200 000 cell/ml suggest about a cow?

A

likely to have a quarter infected with a minor mastitis pathogen

114
Q

what does a high SCC at the start of lactation suggest will happen?

A

develop a clinical mastitis case in that lactation (very good predictor)

115
Q

why are cows that have been chronically infected with mastitis for a long time less likely to be cured that those who are only recently chronic?

A

abscesses forma and lymph nodes become more chronically infected the longer disease is present

116
Q

what is the quickest way to fix a high bulk tank SCC?

A

take cows contributing the highest SCC out of the tank

117
Q

roughly what SCC will show as positive on a California mastitis test?

A

> 300 000 cells/ml

118
Q

what is a bactoscan?

A

actual count of bacterial numbers in milk (growing on milking plant, in mastitis udders and on dirty udders/teats)

119
Q

how often if a bactoscan typically done?

A

weekly (can get daily)

120
Q

what are some possible causes of a raised bactoscan?

A

poor housing hygiene
poor pre-milking teat preparation
high levels of mastitis
poor plant cleaning

121
Q

what bacteria can be assessed to determine plant cleanliness?

A

LPC thermoduric and pseudomonas

122
Q

what bacteria can be assessed on a bactoscan to determine environmental contamination and pre-milking teat preparation?

A

coliforms

123
Q

what specific figures can be assessed from bulk milk tank bacteriology?

A

total bacterial count
cell count
LPC thermoduric count and pseudomonas
coliform count
total Staphylococcal count
Staph aureus

124
Q

what does getting three major pathogens in your milk sample suggest?

A

probably contaminated the sample

125
Q

what is the five point plan for mastitis?

A

post-milking teat disinfection
dry cow therapy
prompt treatment of clinical cases
cull chronic cases
maintain/use milking machine properly

126
Q

should gram positive or negative mastitis pathogens be treated rapidly?

A

gram positive (negative may be alright without antimicrobials)

127
Q

is the five point plan better for contagious or environmental pathogens?

A

contagious

128
Q

do mastitis cases self cure?

A

depends on the bacteria

129
Q

what mastitis cases are farmers advised to leave to self cure?

A

mild gram negative cases (as long as they don’t become toxaemic)

130
Q

how effective is udder mint on mastitis cases?

A

has little effect

131
Q

how effective is oxytocin on mastitis cases?

A

reduces the bacterial count (let more immune cells into udder and better milk clearance)

132
Q

how long is the traditional dry period?

A

60 days (not below 40)

133
Q

what is different between normal dry cow tubes and xtra dry cow tubes?

A

can’t tell - have to look on the box

134
Q

why is dry cow therapy used?

A

clear persistent infection
protect against new infections (dry cows, after calving…)

135
Q

why does treating Staph aureus mastitis require long exposure to antimicrobials?

A

Staph aureus is intracellular so it needs time to diffuse into the cell

136
Q

what are some pathogens associated with summer mastitis?

A

Arcanobacter pyogenes
Peptococcus indolicus
Strep dysgalactia

137
Q

what are the disadvantages of dry cow therapy?

A

getting a SCC too low (increase infection)
new infections from poor hygiene during application
resistance to drugs
cost

138
Q

what is the majority of Staph aureus mastitis resistant to?

A

penicillin

139
Q

what is selective dry cow therapy?

A

teat sealant only some cows (can be used in combination with antibiotic tubes)

140
Q

what are the three sealant products?

A

orbeseal
boviseal
ubroseal blue (has a dye)

141
Q

how long can teat sealant stay in the teat cistern?

A

up to 100 days

142
Q

is mastitis more/less common when using a dry cow sealant?

A

less common when sealant is used

143
Q

how can cows be selected for dry cow therapy?

A

bacteriology
SCC (200 000cell/ml ml cut off)
clinical mastitis cases
california mastitis test
check teat end for damage

144
Q

why is it difficult to diagnose Staph mastitis using bacteriology?

A

it is intermittently shed so may not be present in the sample

145
Q

what is a major issues with sealant use in dairy cows?

A

the bismuth subnitrate in it reacts with the hydrogen sulphide from maturing cheese to cause black spots
if not done a sterile condition there is a risk of infection

146
Q

what is the advice for farmers when starting to using sealants?

A

only use of some of the cows to begin with then increase - ensures the correct application before giving it to the rest of the herd

147
Q

how is different durations of actions of dry cow tubes created?

A

type of antibiotic
salt of antibiotic
particle size
base - oil, emulsions…

148
Q

what is the primary target of dry cow tubes?

A

Staphylococcus (then broaden out)

149
Q

what antibiotic used in dry cow tubes target Staphylococcal infections?

A

cloxacillin or penicillin

150
Q

what antibiotic is used for broad spectrum antimicrobial treatment in dry cow tubes?

A

ampicillin

151
Q

what are the main antibiotics dry cow tubes are based around?

A

cloxacillin
penicillin
cephalosporins

152
Q

what is used in penicillin dry cow tubes that has gram negative effects?

A

framycetin

153
Q

what is the function of penethamate in penicillin based dry cow tubes?

A

gets intracellularly to kill intracellular pathogens (Strep uberis or Staph aureus)

154
Q

what is required to use CIA (cefquinome) dry cow tubes?

A

culture and sensitivity on high cell count cows at the end of lactation and start of the next lactation

155
Q

what is the rough milk withhold for dry cow tubes?

A

96 hours (can be influenced by milking frequency and milk fever)

156
Q

if a cow with a dry cow tube aborts/calves early what is done with the milk?

A

disposed off - farmer tests until no antibiotics are present in it

157
Q

other than dry cow tubes what treatment can be given at drying off?

A

tylosin
tilmicosin (Staph aureus)
long acting macrolides
(efficacy for these isn’t very good and difficulty with licensing)

158
Q

what is the issue with using long acting macrolides meant for pneumonia as dry cow therapy?

A

aren’t licensed for lactating animals and very little proven efficacy

159
Q

how can you monitor for successful dry cow therapy?

A

look at SCC at the start of lactation to see if it has increased, decreased or stayed the same

160
Q

why may there be a mastitis treatment failure?

A

incorrect treatment protocol
antibiotic resistance
bacterial dormancy (antibiotic goes away pathogens come back)
L-forms
biofilm (resistance)
reduced host response (steroids, stress…)
reduced phagocytosis due to antibiotics
reinfection
pharmacokinetic limitations

161
Q

what are L-forms of bacteria?

A

bacteria that don’t have a cell wall in part of their growth phase meaning they are insensitive to beta-lactams

162
Q

what antimicrobial is able to suppress L-form formation?

A

novobiocin

163
Q

what are some possible sources of mastitis reinfections leading to treatment failure?

A

another quarter
teat canal infections from nozzle
external sources

164
Q

why might antibiotics not reach the site of infection in adequate concentrations?

A

too low of a dose
too long of a dose interval
too short treatment period

165
Q

what are some possible pharmacolimitations that cause mastitis treatment failures?

A

sequestration due to ionisation
diffusion barriers in intramammary treatment
poor delivery across blood/milk barrier
antibiotic binding to milk or serum protein
if the pathogen is intracellular

166
Q

are fluoroquinolone required for E. coli mastitis?

A

no - trend to do fine with just ketoprofen

167
Q

what antibiotics are best to start treating Klebsiella and Pseudomonas mastitis with?

A

sulphonamides

168
Q

what are the worst antibiotics to use for Strep dysgalactiae mastitis?

A

tetracyclines systemically

169
Q

what is the main advantage of treating mastitis aggressively for a long period of time?

A

less likely to get chronic cases

170
Q

what systemic antimicrobials gets into udder tissue well?

A

macrolides
phenicol
tetracycline IV
fluoroquinolones
trimethoprim

171
Q

other than antimicrobials what else can be considered to treat mastitis?

A

oxytocin
vitamin E
zinc (teat keratin)
vaccine
pain relief

172
Q

what mastitis pathogens is there a vaccine against?

A

E. coli
Strep uberis

173
Q

what are the advantages of pain relief in mastitis cases?

A

less likely to be kicked in parlour
NSAIDs are anti-endotoxic
eat more, milk more, recover better

174
Q

what should be done before treating every mastitis case?

A

sample and freeze - can culture if treatment is effective

Farm (year 4) (17 decks)

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