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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Urinary System (LAB PRACTICAL) > Flashcards

Urinary System (LAB PRACTICAL) Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostatic regulation aspects of the urinary system

A

-Water balance
-Acid-base balance in blood
-Plasma ionic composition
-Blood pressure & volume
-Stimulates blood cell production
-Activates vitamin D3

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2
Q

Kidneys

A

Produce urine as a result of carrying out the major functions of the urinary system

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3
Q

Ureters

A

-Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
-Continuous with renal pelvis
-Enter posterior aspect of bladder
-Runs behind peritoneum
-Uses peristalsis & gravity

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4
Q

Bladder

A

-Temporary storage reservoir of urine, usually holds 500 mL of urine and is ~5 inches long when moderately full
-Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
-Contains trigone (Triangular region) at the base
-3 openings: 2 from ureters, 1 from urethra

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5
Q

Blood vessels of the kidney at the hilum

A

-Renal arteries deliver blood to kidneys for processing
-Renal veins carry blood away from kidneys

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6
Q

Urethra

A

-Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
-Urine release controlled via control 2 sphincters

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7
Q

Difference between male and female bladder

A

In males prostate gland surrounds bladder neck

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8
Q

Urinary bladder wall

A

-3 layers of smooth muscle collectively called detrusor muscle
-Mucosa made of transitional epithlium
-Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder
-Bladder can expand without increasing internal pressure due to folded cells

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9
Q

2 sphincters controlling urine release

A

-Internal urethral sphincter: Involuntary and made of smooth muscle
-External urethral sphincter: Voluntary and made of skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Male vs Female urethra

A

-Length: 20cm in Males, 2-4cm in Females
-Location: male through prostate & penis, female next to wall of the vagina
-Function: Male carries urine and sperm, female only carries urine

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11
Q

Kidney location

A

-Against dorsal body wall
-At the level of T12 to L3 vertebrae
-Right kidney is slightly lower than left

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12
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer region of the kidney

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13
Q

Renal medulla

A

Region inside the cortex

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14
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Inner collecting tube

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14
Q

Renal hilam

A

Medial indentation where several structures enter or exit the kidney

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15
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Gland that sits above the kidney

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16
Q

Renal/Fibrous capsule

A

Most superficial covering surrounding each kidney

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17
Q

Renal fascia

A

Outermost capsule that helps hold the kidney in place against the muscles of the trunk wall

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18
Q

2 layers of fat surrounding kidney

A

-Inside of renal fascia: Perirenal fat between capsule of the kidney fascia. Surrounds kidney and cushions against blows
-Pararenal fascia: Outside the renal fascia

19
Q

Nephroptosis/Renal ptosis

A

The change of position of kidneys where they drop in the body cavity. May be due to loss of perirenal fat

20
Q

Blood supply and flow through kidneys

A

-25% of total bodys volume passes through the kidneys each minute
-Renal artery branches from abdominal aorta and provides arterial blood supply to kidney
-Renal vein drains blood from the kidneys to inferior vena cava

21
Q

Nephron

A

-Structural & functional unit of the kidney responsible for forming urine
-Associated with the glomerular capillary bed and peritubular capillaries

22
Q

-2 major structures of the nephron

A

-Renal corpuscle: Glomerular capillary bed & glomerular capsule
-Renal tubule

23
Q

Renal tubule extension from glomerular/bowmans capsule

A

-Glomerular/Bowmans capsule
-Proximal convoluted tubule
-Nephron loop
-Distal convoluted tubule

24
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Site of filtration: Portion of blood passes from glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule

25
Q

Glomerulus

A

-Knot of capillaries
-Supplied by afferent arterioles & drained by efferent arterioles
-Under high pressure to force fluid and small solutes out of blood and into bowmans capsule
-Covered by podocytes of the visceral layer of glomerular capsule

26
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

-Beginning of the renal tubule
-Encloses glomerulus
-Visceral layer: podocytes with foot processes that form the part of the filtration membrane
-Parietal layer: Outer impermeable wall

27
Q

Peritubular capillary bed

A

-Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
-Normal, low pressure capillaries
-Adapted for absorption instead of filtration
-Cling close to the renal tubule to reabsorb substances from collecting tubes

28
Q

Path of filtrate through renal tubule

A

-Glomerular capsule
-Proximal convoluted tubule
-Nephron loop
-Distal convoluted tubule

29
Q

Collecting duct

A

-Distal convoluted tubules empty into the collecting duct
-Receives urine from many nephrons
-Runs through the medullary pyramids
-Delivers urine into the calyces and renal pelvis

30
Q

Nephron types

A

-Cortical nephrons: Located entirely in cortex. 85% of all nephrons
-Juxtamedullary nephrons: Found at boundary of cortex and medullar. Large role in concentrating urine

31
Q

Basic renal processes (Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion)

A

-Filtration: Glomerulus to glomerular capsule
-Reabsorption: Renal tubule to peritubular capillaries
-Secretion: Peritubular capillaries to renal tubule
-Excretion: Renal tubules out of the body

32
Q

Urine formation steps

A

-Glomerular filtration: Water & solutes smaller than proteins forced through capillary walls and pores of bowmans capsule into renal tubule
-Tubular reabsorption: H2O, GLU, amino acids, and ions transported out of filtrate into tubule cells and then enter peritubular capillaries
-Tubular secretion: H+, K+ creatinine, and drugs removed from peritubular blood and secreted into filtrate

33
Q

Urine characteristics

A

-1-1.8 Liters produced in 24 hrs
-Filtrate contains everything plasma does except proteins
-Urine is what remains after filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and ions
-Contains nitrogenous wastes and useless substances
-Slightly aromatic
-Normal pH around 6
-Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.030

34
Q

Specific gravity

A

Relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water
-Dissolved solutes cause a given volume of urine to weigh more than the same volume of water

35
Q

Solutes normally found in urine

A

-Sodium and potassium ions
-Urea, uric acid, creatinine
-Ammonia
-Bicarbonate ions

36
Q

Solutes not normally found in urine

A

-Glucose
-Blood proteins
-RBC’s
-Hemoglobin
-WBC’s
-Bile

37
Q

Glycosuria

A

-Glucose in urine
-Can be caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or excessive carb intake

38
Q

Proteinuria

A

-Presence of protein in urine. Albumin being most abdundant
-Increased permeability of glomerular filtration membrane
-Can be caused by ingestion of poison/toxins, hypertension, physical exertion, or pregnancy

39
Q

Hematuria

A

-Presence of RBC’s in blood
-Irritation of urinary tract organs that can result in bleeding or leakage of RBC’s through damaged filtration membrane
-Can be caused by bleeding in tract, kidney stones, tract tumors, trauma to tract, damaged filtration membrane

39
Q

Ketonuria

A

-Presence of ketone bodies in urine
-Excessive production of and accumulation of fat metabolism intermediates that can cause acidosis
-Can be called by diabetes mellitus, starvation, or low card diets

40
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

-Presence of hemoglobin in blood
-Fragmentation of RBC’s can result in Hgb in plasma and filtrate
-Can be caused by hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, sever burns, poison snake bites, renal disease

41
Q

Nitrituria

A

-Presence of nitrites in urine
-Results when gram negative bacteria reduce nitrates to nitrite
-Caused by UTI’s

42
Q

Bilirubunuria

A

-Presence of bile pigments in urine
-Increase levels of bilirubin in the urine as a result of liver damage or blockage of bile duct
-Caused by hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, gallstones

43
Q

Pyuria

A

-Presence of WBC’s in blood
-Presence of WBC’s or pus in urine caused by urinary tract inflammation
-Caused by UTI’s or gonorrhea

44
Q

Path of blood from aorta to glomerulus

A

-Aorta
-Renal Artery
-Interlobar artery
-Arcuate artery
-Cortical radiate artery
-Afferent arteriole
-Glomerulus

45
Q

Path of blood from glomerulus to inferior vena cava

A

-Glomerulus
-Peritubular capillaries
-Cortical radiate vein
-Arcuate vein
-Interlobar vein
-Renal vein
-Inferior vena cava

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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