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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing of air in and out of lungs

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2
Q

External respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood

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3
Q

Internal respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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4
Q

Respiratory zone

A

-Around 3 liters
-Site of gas exchange
-Microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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5
Q

Conducting zone

A

-Around 150 mLs
-Conducts air to gas exchange sites
-Includes all other respiratory structures
-Humidifies, cleanses, and warms incoming air
-Dehumidifies air leaving to reclaim heat

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6
Q

Upper airways

A

Head & Neck

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7
Q

Respiratory tract

A

Larynx and Lungs

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8
Q

Functions of nose

A

-Entry/Exit airway
-Moistens and warms air
-Filters and cleans inspired air
-Chamber to resonate speech
-Olfactory receptors

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9
Q

Olfactory mucosa cells

A

Produced by olfactory epithelium & underlying CT

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10
Q

Respiratory mucosa cells

A

-Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-Mucous and serous secretions
-Inspired air warmed by capillaries and veins

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11
Q

Nasal conchae

A

-Contains a superior, middle, and inferior region
-Protrudes medially from lateral wall
-Increases mucosal area
-Enhances air turbulence

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12
Q

Role of conchae and nasal mucosa during inhalation and exhalation

A

Inhalation: Filter, heat, and moistens air
Exhalation: Reclaims heat and moisture

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13
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

-Cavities located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
-Lightens skull, resonates sound, secretes mucus, and helps warm and moisten air

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14
Q

Pharynx

A

Muscular passage connecting nasal cavity to larynx

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15
Q

Three regions of pharynx

A

-Nasopharynx: Superior region behind nasal cavity
-Oropharynx: Middle region behind mouth
-Laryngopharynx: Inferior region attached to larynx

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16
Q

Role & characteristics of larynx

A

-Plays a role in speech
-Routes air and food into proper channel
-Sections of rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage

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17
Q

Epiglottis

A

Routes food to esophagus and air towards trachea

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18
Q

Laryngeal prominence

A

Thyroid cartilage (Adams apple)

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19
Q

Vocal folds

A

Vibrate with expelled air to create sound/speech

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20
Q

Vestibular fold

A

False vocal cord

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21
Q

Glottis

A

Opening between vocal cords

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22
Q

Trachea

A

-Four inch long tube
-Walls reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage
-Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithlium
-Ends of cartilage connected by trachealis muscle
-Anterior to esophagus

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23
Q

Divisions/Lobes of lungs

A

-Left lungs: Inferior and superior lobes
-Right lung: Inferior, middle and superior lobes

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24
Q

Types of bronchi

A

-Primary bronchi
-Secondary bronchi
-Tertiary bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Terminal bronchioles
-Respiratory bronchioles (No reinforced cartilage on walls)

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25
Q

Alveoli

A

-Site of gas exchange (300 million/lung)
-Rich blood supply with capillary sheets formed over alveoli
-Contain alveolar macrophages

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26
Q

Type I alveoli cells

A

-Makeup wall of alveoli
-Single layer squamous epithelial cells

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27
Q

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

A

Secrete surfactant

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28
Q

Surface tension

A

-Decreases surface area at the interface
-Attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas-liquid interface

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29
Q

Lung expansion via pleura

A

Lungs are functionally connected to chest wall by the pleural sac to allow expansion of lungs with chest expansion

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29
Q

Surfactant

A

Lipid and protein complex produced by Type II alveolar cells
-Reduced surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

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30
Q

Pressure gradients and breathing

A

Change in pressure is the inverse of change in volume
-ΔP=1/ΔV

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31
Q

Negative intrapleural pressure

A

Causes lungs to expand to increase volume of lungs to reduce negative pressure

32
Q

Pressure before inspiration

A

-P(atm) & P(alv) are equal around 760 mmHg
-P(intrapleural) must be lower to keep alveoli slightly open

33
Q

Pressure during inspiration

A

-P(Alv) is lower than P(atm) causing influx of air into the lung due to diaphragm contraction
-Occurs until both values become equal

34
Q

Ptp Gradient

A

Gradient between P(alv) and P(ip) that is always contant to prevent lung collapse

34
Q

Pressure during expiration

A

-P(atm) is lower than P(alv) causing efflux of air from diaphragm relaxation.

35
Q

Intrapleural pressure chracteristics

A

Remains lower than alveolar pressure throughout the respiratory cycle

36
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

37
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration

38
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

39
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Amount of air remaining in lung after a forced expiration

40
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

-IC=TV + IRV
-Maximum volume inspiration after expiration quiet breath

41
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

-FRC=ERV+RV
-Amount of air in lungs after normal breath out

42
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

-VC=TV+IRV+ERV
-Total amount of exchangeable air

43
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

-TLC=TV+IRVERV+RV
-Max amount of air that could be in lungs

44
Q

Lung compliance

A

-Stretchability of lungs
-CL=Volume of lungs /(Palv-Pip)
-Greater CL –> easier to expand lung
-Determined by elastic tissue of lung and surface tension generated at the air-water interfaces within alveoli

45
Q

Pneumothorax

A

-Presence of air in pleural cavity –> Pip=Patm
-Causes a collapse in lung

45
Q

Impact of surfactant on lung compliance

A

Reduced

46
Q

Elastic recoil/Elastance

A

Elasticity of the lung, inverse of compliance, increases Pip

47
Q

Law of Laplace

A

P=2T/r
-Without surfactant surface tension (T) increases with smaller alveolar volume
-With surfactant: Equilibrates alveoli sizes, homogenous distribution of air in different sized alveoli & prevents alveolar collapse

48
Q

Causes of low compliance

A

-Low muscle contraction of respiratory muscles
-High surface tension (low surfactant)
-Scar tissue (Fibrosis)
-Edema (Fluid in IS space)

48
Q

Causes for types of lung collapse

A

-Immediate: Trauma or surgery
-Overtime: Disease or tension pneumothorax

49
Q

Causes of high compliance

A

-Emphysema: Air filled enlargment of tissue by breakdown of wall of alveoli

49
Q

Ventilation

A

Tidal volume (TV) * Rate (f)

50
Q

Treatment

A

Chest tube is placed in the pleural cavity, plugged into vacuum

51
Q

Airway resistance

A

Resistance to airflow
-F=(Patm-Palv)/R
-Air flow (F) depends upon the driving pressure (P) and the resistance (R)

52
Q

Determinants of airway resistance values

A

-Highest resistance in upper respiratory tract, trachea, and bronchi
-Lung volume determines airway lumen
-Elastic recoil determines intrapleural pressure, airway diameter
-Airway radius changes with smooth muscle or obstruction

53
Q

Impact of nervous system on airway resistance

A

-PSNS: Smooth muscle contraction of bronchi –> asthma
-SyNS: Smooth muscle relaxation –> asthma treatment

54
Q

Alveolar dead spsace

A

Non-functional alveoli due to collapse or obstruction or no perfusion
-Negligible in healthy lungs

55
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

-No contribution to gas exchange

56
Q

Total dead space/Physiological dead space

A

Sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

57
Q

Minute ventilation (VE)

A

-ml/min
-VE=TV*f
-f=ventilation rate(Breaths/min)

58
Q

Alveolar vent (VA)

A

-mL/min
-VA=(TV-DV) * f
-f=ventilation rate (Breaths/min)
-DV=dead volume (mL)
-Determines efficiency of ventilation

59
Q

Gas exchange

A

-O2 and CO2 move down partial pressure gradients by simple passive diffusion
-Gases dissolved in fluids also exert partial pressure. The greater the partial pressure of gas in fluid, the more gas is dissolved.

60
Q

Instances when diffusion of gas will increase

A

-ΔP increases therefore P(alv) vs. P(pc)
-Membrane permeability to gas increases
-Increase in surface area of diffusion
-Decrease in membrane thickness

61
Q

Ventilation (V)

A

Amount of gas reaching the alveoli

62
Q

Perfusion (Q)

A

Amount of blood flow reaching alveoli

63
Q

Pressure Gradients & Gas Exchange principles

A

-Amount of O2 picked up in lungs matches the amount extracted and used up by tissues

64
Q

Mixed venous pressure/Pmv(O2)

A

Immediately available O2 reserve for increased demand

65
Q

Means of compensation

A
  1. Recruitment of other capillary beds within the lung
  2. Distension of small vessels
66
Q

Methods of O2 transport in blood

A

-Physically dissolved: 1.5%
-Bound to Hgb: 98.5%

67
Q

Methods of CO2 transport

A

-Physically dissolved: 10%
-Bound to Hb: 20%
-As bicarbonate: 70%

68
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

Converts CO2 and water into carbonic acid (Bicarbonate & proton)

69
Q

Chloride shift

A

Bicarbonate acid exits RBC (For CO2 transport) in exchange for CL- ions from plasma in order to maintain a concentration of ions that endusres electrical neutrality

70
Q

Left shift on binding curve

A

-Increase affinity for O2
-Decrease CO2 pressure
-Decrease in [H+], Increased pH
-Decrease in BPG
-Decrease in temp

71
Q

Right shift on binding curve

A

-Decreased affinity for O2
-Increased CO2 pressure
-High [H+], Decreased pH
-Increase BPG concentration
-Increase in temp

72
Q

Control of respiration

A

-No pacemaker activity in lungs or respiratory muscles
-Respiratory centers located in medulla oblongata
-Maintains homeostasis of O2, CO2, and pH
-Impacts rate (f) and depth (TV) of respiration

73
Q

Regulation of magnitude of ventilation

A

-Located in pons center in pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
-Response to strenous exercise: Increase in TV & pulmonary stretch receptors preventing overinflation
-Used to modify respiratory activity for speech, singing, coughing, and sneezing

74
Q

Neural ventilation control receptors

A

-Neurons in the reticular formation of medulla oblongata and pons
-Requires input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (12 decks)

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