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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > THE MF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE MF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Histology of the mouth

A

Non-keratinized stratum squamous epithelium

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2
Q

Classifications of teeth

A

-Incisors: Cutting
-Canines: tearing & piercing
-Premolars: Grinding
-Molars: Grinding

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3
Q

Saliva

A

Mucurs & serous fluid used to form a bolus, dissolve chemicals for digestion, and contains salivary amylase.

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4
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Enzyme in mouth to breakdown starch into maltose

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5
Q

Pharynx histology

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

Histology of esophagus

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

4 layers of alimentary canal

A

-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscularis externa
-Serosa

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8
Q

Mucosa

A

-Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-Lamina propria (Areolar CT): where vessels, lymph vessels, and immune cells enter
-Muscularis mucosae: Thin layer that creates local movement

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9
Q

Submucosa

A

Provides support and blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

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10
Q

Muscularis

A

-Circular muscle
-Longitudinal (Superficial) muscle

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11
Q

Serosa

A

-Prevents friction between abdominal organs and other structures in the abdominal cavity
-Epithelium
-Areolar CT

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12
Q

Process of swallowing

A
  1. Buccal phase: Tongue presses against hard palate to force food down oropharynx
  2. Pharyngeal-esophageal phase: Uvula, larynx, and tongue prevent upwards movement of food and bolus presses upper esophageal sphincter to enter esophagus
    3.Upper esophageal sphincter contracts for food entry
  3. Peristalsis moves food through esophagus of stomach
  4. Gastro-esophageal sphincter opens for food to enter stomach
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13
Q

Rugae

A

Internal folds of mucosa in stomach

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14
Q

Muscularis externa of the stomach

A

-3 layers of smooth muscle
-Inner layer allowing stomach to churn, mix, and brake down food

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15
Q

Mucosa of stomach

A

-Simple columnar epithelium and secratory cells
-Lined with mucous cells
-Dotted with gastric puts, gastric glands, and gastric juice

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16
Q

Mucous cells of stomach

A

Secrete 2-layer coat of alkaline mucus to prevent hydrochloric acid from damaging mucosa lining

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17
Q

4 secretory cells of stomach mucosa

A

-Mucous neck cells
-Chief cells
-Parietal cells
-Enteroendocrine cells

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18
Q

Chief cell secretions in stomach

A

-Lipases: 15% of lipid digestion
-Pepsinogen: Inactive form of pepsin for protein metabolism
-Rennin: Digesting milk proteins in infants

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19
Q

Parietal cell secretions in stomach

A

-Intrinsic Factor: Vitamin B12 absorption
-Hydrochloric acid: Keep stomach pH low and activate pepsinogen into pepsin

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20
Q

Enteroendocrine cell secretions

A

-G cells secrete gastrin
-D cells secrete somatostatin
-ECL cells secrete histamine

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21
Q

3 reflex pathways to stimulate H+/K+ pumps to increase HCl secretions

A

-Parasympathetic nervous system
-Gastrin by G cell
-Histamine from EnteroChromaffin-like cells

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22
Q

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion

A

-Cephalic phase
-Sensory information to brain associated to food triggers PSNS (Vagus nerve) to prepare gastric secretions to receive food from stomach

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23
Q

Regulation of cephalic stage

A

Loss of appetite signals to the cerebral cortex to no longer stimulate parasympathetic center

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24
Q

Gastric phase of gastric secretion

A

-Mechano/stretch/chemo receptors in stomach wall stimulate parasympathetic nervous system to secrete

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25
Q

Regulation of gastric phase

A

-Excess acidity cause gastrin secretion to decline
-Emotional distress causes sympathetic NS activation which overrides PSNS causing secretion inhibition

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26
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretions

A

-Chemoreceptors in the wall of duodenum trigger PSNS causing intestinal gastrin to release in blood causing stomach secretion

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27
Q

Regulation of intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A

Distention of duodenum as well as presence of fatty acidic food can cause release of hormones such as somatostatin to slow down secretions.

28
Q

Extrinsic gastrointestinal reflexes

A

-Enterogastric reflex
-Gastroileal reflex
-Gastrocolic reflex

29
Q

What region of the small intestine absorbs most nutrients

A

Jejunum since there are more circular folds

30
Q

Pancreas function

A

-1% endocrine function: Insulin & glucagon secretion
99% exocrine function: Secretion of pancreatic juice that contains bicarbonate, salts, and digestive enzymes in the form of zymogens

31
Q

Zymogens

A

Inactive forms of many proteases that are activated by trypsin

32
Q

Absorption of electrolytes

A

-Iron and calcium absorbed in duodenum
-NA+: Absorbed by NA/K pumps at luminal surface to be coupled with absorption of carbs and protein
-Cl-: Active via H+/Cl- co-transporter
-K+: Via osmotic gradient

33
Q

Absorption of water

A

-9 Liters of water
-95% absorbed in small intestines via osmosis

34
Q

Large intestine histology

A

Simple columnar epithelium
-Enterocytes: Absorptive cells
-Goblet cells: Alkaline mucus

35
Q

Teniae coli

A

-Muscularis externa of large intestine
-3 bands of smooth muscle

36
Q

Haustra

A

Pocket like sacs

37
Q

Role of resident bacteria of large intestine

A

-Produce vitamin K & B
-Produce gas and acids

38
Q

Defecation reflex

A

-Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
-External/voluntary anal sphincter relaxes

39
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

40
Q

Anabolism

A

Reactions that build larger molecules

41
Q

Catabolism

A

Reactions that break down complex structures

42
Q

Glycogenesis

A

-Synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose in liver and skeletal muscle

43
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

-Synthesis of glucose from non CHO precursors
-In liver, when glycemic levels drop

44
Q

Glycolysis

A

Splitting of glucose into 2 pyruvate for aerobic respiration or anaerobic fermentation

45
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Splitting of glycogen into free glucose monosaccharides

46
Q

Insulin effect

A

-When GLU is high, glucose entry to cells increases 20x
-Hypoglycemic hormone
-Stimulated by PSNS

47
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide/Gastric inhibitory peptide

A

-Secreted by small intestine/duodenum
-Increases insulin secretion

48
Q

Glucagon effect

A

-When glucose is low, will stimulate glycogenolysis
-Hyperglycemic hormone
-Increased lipolysis in adipose tissue to preserve blood glucose

49
Q

Lipolysis

A

Triglycerides degraded by lipases
-Glycerols continue glycolysis
-Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to form acetyl coa for TCA cycle

50
Q

Lipogenesis

A

-Formation of lipids
-Occurs when glucose and ATP is too high and not being used

51
Q

Degradation of aminon acids

A

-Transamination: A.A + a-ketoglutarate –> Glucose + Keto acid
-Oxidative deamination: Forms NH4 which will become urea & urinated out
-Keto acid modification: Turns A.A’s into TCA intermediates to be metabolized

52
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Proteins synthesized if all amino acids needed are present at necessary concentrations

53
Q

Energy Consumption Formula

A

Consumption = Respiration + Production + Excretion

54
Q

Respiration

A

Cost associated with basal survival, physical activity, and feeding

55
Q

Production

A

Cost associated with growth, reproduction, and replacing lost tissue

56
Q

Excretion

A

Urinary loss, feces

57
Q

Total metabolic rate

A

Total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities

58
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone secreted by parietal cells when stomach empties to signal hunger

59
Q

Peptide YY (PYY)

A

-Secreted by enteroendocrine cells in ileum and colon: Gastroileal reflex, prevents stomach from emptying quick, kills hunger cravings

60
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

-Secreted by enteroendocrine cells in duodenum & Jejunum
-Kills hunger and stimulates enterogastric reflex

61
Q

Insulin

A

-Secreted by pancreatic beta cells
-Glucose and A.A uptake from blood to tissue cells

62
Q

Leptin

A

-Secreted by adipocytes
-Promotes fat breakdown/lipolysis
-Signals satiety

63
Q

Enterogastric reflex

A

Duodenal distention and acidic pH will inhibit gastrin secretion and gastric peristalsis to slow down emptying of stomach

64
Q

Gastroileal reflex

A

Opens ileocecal valve to promote colonic peristalsis and defecation

65
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

Sigmoid colon propels contents of rectum for defecation

66
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

Short frenulum causing low tongue motility for swallowing and speech

67
Q

EnteroChromaffin-Like cells (ECL cells)

A

Histamine releasing cells activated by gastrin

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (16 decks)

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