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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Reproductive System (LAB PRACTICAL) > Flashcards

Reproductive System (LAB PRACTICAL) Flashcards

1
Q

Ovaries

A

-Primary sex organs that carry out oogenesis: production of female gametes and sex hormones

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2
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

Contains immature egg surrounded by follicle cells

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3
Q

Uterine tube structure

A

-2 hollow tubes that extend (But do not contact) from the ovaries and attach to the uterus
-Fimbriae: Ciliated finger-like projections at the ovary end of the uterine tubes

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4
Q

Uterine tube function

A

-Collect eggs after they are released from the ovary
-Fertilization of egg by sperm occurs in ampulla of the uterine tube

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5
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Spread of infection into pelvic viscera through open space between fimbrae and ovaries

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6
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Zygote implants in uterine tube wall instead of endometrium of uterus

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7
Q

Walls of uterus

A

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

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8
Q

Three regions of utuerus

A

-Fundus: Superior rounded region above the entrance of uterine tubes
-Body: Major portion of uterus
-Cervix: Narrow inferior portion

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9
Q

Endometrium

A

-Innermost layer of uterus with a thick mucosal lining
-Where embro development and implantation occurs
-Superficial stratum functionalis is sloughed off every 28 days in response to ovarian hormone cycle

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9
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outermost, serous layer of uterus

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10
Q

Myometrium

A

middle layer of uterus composed of bands of smooth muscle

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11
Q

Mons pubis

A

Fatty pad covering pubic symphysis

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12
Q

Labia majora

A

Larger, pigmented skin fold homologous with scrotum

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13
Q

Labia minora

A

Smaller skin folds enclosed by labia majora

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14
Q

Vestibule

A

Area enclosed by labia minora, contains clitoris, and urethral orifice and vaginal orifice.

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15
Q

Clitoris

A

Composed of sensitive erectile tissue, homologous to epnis

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16
Q

Urethral orifice

A

Outlet of utine

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17
Q

Hymen

A

Thin mucous membrane that partially or completely closes the vaginal opening

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18
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

Secretes lubricant, homologous to bulbourethral glands

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19
Q

Vaginal orifice

A

Opening into the vaginal cavity

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20
Q

Mammary gands function

A

-Production of milk for infants
-Estrogens and progesterone stimulate breast growth during puberty and pregnancy by increasing alveoli and lactiferous ducts

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21
Q

Structures of mammary glands

A

-Alveoli: Mammary glands that produce milk during lactation
-Nipple: Structure designed to allow infant to feed
-Areola: Pigmented region around each nipple
-Lactiferous ducts: Transport milk from alveoli
-Lactiferous sinus: Stores milk

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22
Q

Site of oogenesis

A

Ovary

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23
Q

Oogenesis before birth

A

-Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes
-Primary oocytes have started meiosis I and are arrested in prophase I

24
Q

Primordial follicle

A

Primary oocyte surrounded by pre-granulosa cells

25
Q

Oogenesis at puberty

A

-Monthly cycles begin where one primary oocyte will mature and continue to meiosis
-Meisosis I completion leads to a secondary oocyte which is then ovulated
-Secondary oocyte remains arrested in metaphase II but will complete meiosis if fertilized

26
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

-Monthly fluctuations in estrogens and profesterone
-Monthly maturation of a primary oocyte into secondary oocyte
-One secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II will ovulate and complete meisosis II if fertilized
-Induced by LH & FSH

27
Q

Uterine cycle

A

-Monthly build up of stratum functionalis of the endometrium
-Sloughed off if no embryo implantation occurs
-Induced by ovarian hormones (Estrogen and progesterone)

28
Q

3 phases of uterine cycle

A

-Menstrual: Functional layer of the endometrium is shed
-Proliferative: Functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt
-Secretory: Begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive embryo

29
Q

Estrogen

A

-Produced by ovaries
-Promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics
-Regulates changes in the uterine lining during mestrual cycle
-Helps prepare mammary glands for lactation

30
Q

Progesterone

A

-Produced by ovaries
-Regulates changes in uterine lining during menstrual cycle
-Maintains uterine musculature in a quiescent state during pregnancy
-Helps to prepare the breast for lactation

31
Q

Prolactin

A

-Produced by anterior pituitary
-Stimulates breast development
-Maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth

32
Q

Gonadotropins

A

-Produced by anterior pituitary
-Follicle stimulating hormone & Luteinizing hormone

33
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogens

34
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

-Triggers ovulation
-Stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone

35
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

-Produced by placenta
-Maintains corpus luteum and prompts secretion of estrogen and progesterone by corpus luteum

36
Q

How the pill works

A

-Contains synthetic estrogen and progestin
-Estrogen stimulates production of prolactin
-Prolactin suppresses gonadotropin releasing hormone
-FSH and LH are not released since they depend on GnRH
-No ovarian follicle maturation w/o LH or FSH

37
Q

Progestin

A

-Synthetic form of progesterone
-Thickens mucus in the cervix to make it difficult for sperm to enter
-Also suppresses ovulation but not as consistently as estrogen
-Thins lining of uterus, discourages implantation of zygote

38
Q

Testes

A

-Located inside the scrotum hanging outside of the body attached by perineum
-Functions include spermatogenesis and production of male sex hormones
-Must be 34-36 degrees C for sperm production

39
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

-Highly coiled tubules inside testes as sites of sperm production
-100-400 million sperm per day

40
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Produce androgens in testes

41
Q

Epididymis

A

-Connect testes to the vasa deferentia
-Sites of spermiogenesis: Sperm mature and gain swimming ability
-Sperm storage

42
Q

Vasa deferentia

A

-Transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
-Enclosed in spermatic cord

43
Q

Vasectomy

A

-Cutting of both vasa deferentia

44
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

During ejaculation, receive sperm from vasa deferentia and secretions from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland

45
Q

3 sections of male urethra

A

-Prostatic
-Membranous (Intermediate)
-Penile (Spongy) urethra

46
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

-Secretes 70% of seminal fluid
-Secretion is viscous, alkaline, and contains fructose used by sperm to produce energy
-Alkaline fluid also neutralizes acids in the female reproductive tract

47
Q

Prostate gland

A

-Secretes 30% of seminal fluid
-Secretion is a milky fluid to activate sperm

48
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

-Secretes a thick, clear, alkaline fluid which neutralizes acidic urine residue in urethra

49
Q

3 cylindrical erectile tissues of penis

A

-2 dorsal corpora cavernosa
-1 ventral corpus spongniosum

50
Q

Penis function

A

Copulatory organ that delivers sperm to female reproductive tract

51
Q

Penile erection

A

Penis becomes engorged with blood as the vascular spaces in the erectile tissues fill with blood

52
Q

Shaft

A

Terminates at the glans, the expanded tip of the penis

53
Q

Prepuce/Foreskin

A

A cuff of loose skin surrounding the glans

54
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

-Spermatogonia undergo mitosis
-Primary spermatocyte: Undergoes first meiotic division to give 2 secondary spermatocytes
-Two secondary spermatocytes: Undergo second meiotic division to give 4 spermatids
Spermatids: Undergo spermiogenesis to develop into spermatozoa

55
Q

Gonadotropins in males

A

-FSH: Stimulates sperm production
-LH: Promotes testosterone production

56
Q

Testosterone

A

-Produced by testes
-Promotes maturation of reproductive system accessory structures
-Promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics
-Responsible for libido

57
Q

Prolactin

A

-Produced by anterior pituitary but primarily active in females
-Can stimulate testosterone in males

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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