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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Digestive system (LAB PRACTICAL) > Flashcards

Digestive system (LAB PRACTICAL) Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Food breakdown by physical forces to prepare for further degradation by enzymes
-Mixing food in mouth by tongue
-Churning food in stomach
-Segmentation in small intestine

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2
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes breakdown food molecules into their building blocks
-Each major food group broken by different enzymes
-Carbs are broken into simple sugars by enzymes
-Protein broken to amino acids by proteases
-Fats broken to fatty acids & glycerol

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2
Q

Alimentary canal of digestive system

A

-Mouth
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small intestine
-Large intestine
-Anus

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2
Q

Accessory organs

A

-Salivary glands
-Teeth
-Pancreas
-Liver
-Gallbladder

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3
Q

4 layers of alimentary canal

A

-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Musclaris externa
-Serosa

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4
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost, moist membrane composing of:
-Surface epithelium
-Small amount of CT (Lamina propia)
-Small smooth muscle layer

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5
Q

Submucosa

A

Just beneath mucosa
-Soft CT with blood vessels, nerve ending, and lymphatics

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6
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Composed of 2 layers of smooth muscle for peristalsis
-Circular layer
-Outer longitudinal layer

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7
Q

Serosa

A

Outermost layer of the wall contains fluid-producing cells, consists of:
-Visceral peritoneum: innermost layer that wraps canal organs
-Parietal peritoneum: Outer layer that lines abdominopelvic cavity

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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

Smooth muscle motion that causes waves that move a bolus

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9
Q

Segmentation

A

Smooth muscle movement that churns and fragments a bolus to promote mixing

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10
Q

Anatomical structure of mouth/oral cavity

A

-Lips to protect anterior opening
-Cheeks from lateral walls
-Uvula: Fleshy projection of soft palate for speech & food direction
-Hard palate forms anterior roof
-Soft palate forms posterior roof

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11
Q

Salivary glands & their 3 pairs

A

Glands that secrete saliva
-Parotid glands
-Submandibular glands
-Sublingual glands

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12
Q

Saliva

A

-Mixture of mucus and serous fluid
-Helps to form food bolus
-Contains salivary amylase to begin stomach digestion
-Dissolves chemicals so they can be tested

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13
Q

Steps of deglutition/swallowing

A
  1. In buccal phase upper esophageal sphincter is contracted/closed and tongue presses against hard palate to move bolus to oropharynx
  2. Pharyngeal-esophageal phase begins as uvula and larynx rise to prevent food from entering. Tongue blocks mouth and upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food into esophagus
  3. Constrictor muscle of pharynx contracts forcing food into esophagus inferiorly. Upper esophageal sphincter contracts after food enters
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14
Q

Esophagus

A

-10 inch long tube running from pharynx to stomach
-Conducts food via peristalsis and acts as a passageway for food only
-No chemical digestive function

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15
Q

Regions of the teeth

A

-Crown
-Neck
-Root

16
Q

Crown of tooth

A

Exposed portion
-Enamel outer layer, hardest substance in the body
-Pulp cavity contains CT, blood vessels, and nerve fibers
-Root canal is where pulp cavity extends to root

17
Q

Neck of tooth

A

-Region in contact with gum
-Connects crown to root

18
Q

Root of tooth

A

-Cementum: Covers outer surface and attaches tooth to the periodontal membrane

19
Q

Stomach

A

-Left side of abdominal cavity
-Food enters cardioesophageal sphincter
-Food empties into intestine via pyloric sphincter
-Rugae are internal mucosa folds
-Lesser curvature: Convcave medial surface
-Greater curvature: Convex lateral surface

20
Q

Regions of stomach

A

-Cardiac region: near the heart
-Fundus: Expanded portion lateral to cardiac region
-Body: Midportion
-Pylorus: Funnel-shaped terminal end

21
Q

Functions of stomach

A

-Bulk storage
-Mechanical breakdown of food
-Disruption of chemical bonds via acids and enzymes
-Production of intrinsic factor
-Temporary storage tank for food
-Chemical breakdown of protein begins
-Delivers chyme to small intestine/duodenum
-Site of food break down

22
Q

Food breakdown in stomach

A

-Gastric juice regulated by neural and hormonal factors
-Presence of food or rising pH causing release of gastrin
-Gastrin produces protein-digesting enzymes, mucus, HCl
-Acidic pH activates pepsiongen to pepsin and provides hostile environment for microbes
-Protein-digesting enzymes such as pepsin and rennin (For milk digestion in infants)
-Alcohol and aspirin are some of the few items absorbed

23
Q

Digestive & Absorptive functions of small intestine

A

-Majority of chemical digestion begins here
-Secretions and buffers provided by pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
-Enzymes produced by intestinal cells and pancreas
-Pancreatic ducts carry enzymes to small intestine
-Bile from liver enters via bile duct
-Site of nutrient absorption in blood

24
Q

Three subdivisions of small intestine

A

-Duodenum: Attached to stomach, curves around head of pancreas
-Jejunum: Attached anteriorly to duodenum
-Ileum: Extends from jejunum to large intestine

25
Q

Ileocecal sphincter

A

Transition between small and large intestine

26
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny projections of the plasma membrane that create a brush border appearance

27
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like structures formed by mucosa

28
Q

Circular folds

A

Deep folds of mucosa and submucosa

29
Q

Large intestine

A

-Larger in diameter than small intestine but shorter in length
-Frames internal abdomen
-Cecum in sac-like first part of large intestine

30
Q

Regions of colon

A

-Ascending: Travels up right side of abdomen
-Transverse: Travels across abdominal cavity
-Descending: Travels down left side
-Sigmoid: Enters pelvis

31
Q

Appendix

A

-Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed
-Hangs from cecum

32
Q

Movements in large intesine

A

-Sluggish peristalsis
-Mass movements: Slow, powerful movements and occur 1-4 times per day
-Segmentation movements mix chyme with digestive juices
-Gastroenteric reflexes initiated by stretch receptors in stomach
-Gastroileal reflexes trigger relaxation of ileocecal valve

33
Q

Defecation reflexx

A

-Caused by presence of feces in rectum
-Internal anal sphincter relaxed
-Defecation occurs with relaxation of voluntary/external anal sphincter

34
Q

Pancreas

A

-Pancreatic duct penetrates duodenal wall
-Endocrine function: Secretion of insulin & glucagon

35
Q

Exocrine secretions of pancreas

A

-Pancreatic juice secreted into small intestine
-Carbohydrates
-Lipases
-Nucleases
-Proteolytic enzymes

36
Q

Liver

A

-Largest gland in the body
-Right side of body under diaphragm
-Consists of 4 lobes suspended from diaphragm and abdominal wall by falciform ligament
-Connected to gallbladder via common hepatic duct
-Performs metabolic and hematological regulation and produces bule

37
Q

Histological organization of liver

A

-Lobules containing dingle-cell thick plates of hepatocytes
-Lobules unite to form common hepatic duct, duct meets cystic duct to form common bile duct

38
Q

Liver function

A

-Fats and fatty acids picked up by liver. Some oxidized to provide energy for liver cells and the rest broken down to simpler compounds for blood.
-Manufactures bule: emulsifies dats by breaking up large globules
-Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
-Degrades hormones
-Produces cholesterol, blood proteins
-Central role in metabolism
-Can regenerate if needed

39
Q

Gallbladder

A

-Sac found in hollow fossa of liver, hollow, pear-shaped organ
-When no digestion is occurring, bile backs up the cystic duct for storage in gall bladder
-When digestion of fatty food is occurring, bile is introduced into duodenum from gallbladder
-Stores, modifies, and concentrates bile
-Gallstones crystallized cholesterol which can cause blockages

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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