Urinary System Flashcards
Urochrome
Chemical compound from hemoglobin breakdown that gives urine its yellow color.
Urea
Largest urine solute compound from amino acid breakdown
Uric acid
Smallest urine solute component made from nucleic acid metabolism
Creatinine
Metabolite of creatine phosphate
Type of cell the mucosa of the bladder is made of
Transitional epithelium
Internal urethral sphincter
Involuntary sphincter at the bladder-urethra junction
External urethral sphincter
Voluntary muscle surrounding the urethra inferior to internal urethral sphincter
Asymmetry of kidneys
Right kidney is lower than the left due to the liver
Renal hilum
Medial indentation for ureter, renal vessels, and nerves
Renal blood flow
-20% Cardiac output passing through the kidneys each minute
-20% * 5L/min=1L/min=1440 L/min
4 basic steps of renal blood flow
-Filtration
-Reabsorption
-Secretion
-Excretion
Renal calculi
Kidney stones in renal pelvis made of crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts
Treatment for renal calculi
Shock wave lithotripsy to break them down to smaller pieces
Glycosuria
Glucose in urine
Proteinuria
Proteins in urine
Pyuria
Pus in urine
Hematuria
RBC’s in urine
Hemoglobinuria
Hemoglobin in urinr
Glomerular filtration
Glomerular capillary bed (Glomerulus) to glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
Blirubinuria
Bile pigment in urine
Age where control of external urethral sphincter begins
18 months
Reabsorption
Tubules to peritubular capillaries
Secretion
Peritubular capillaries to tubules
Excretion
Tubules to eventually secrete from the body
% distribution of types of nephrons
-Cortical nephrons (85%)
-Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)
Histology of parietal layer of glomerular capsule/Bowmans capsule
Simple squamous epithelium
Histology of visceral layer of glomerular capsule
Podocyte (Foot process to wrap around glomerular capillaries to form filtration slits)
Histology of the proximal convoluted tubule
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Histology of the distal convoluted tubule
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Histology of the nephron loop/loop of henle
-Descending & Thin ascending limb: Simple squamous epithelium
-Thick ascending limb: simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium
Histology of collecting duct cells
Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
Vasa recta
Capillary bed only found in juxtamedullar nephrons around the loop of henle
Podocytes
Specialized cells of renal corpuscle that form filtration slits in the visceral wall of the bowmans capsule
Glomerular filtration rate
-Volume of filtrate from glomerular capillaries to capsular space in 1 minute
-20% * RPF = 125mL/min = 180 L/day
4 starling pressures of net filtration pressure
-Hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries
-Oncotic pressure of glomerular capillaries
-Hydrostatic pressure of bowmans space
-Oncotic pressure of bowmans space
Juxtamedullary apparatus
-Specialized structure that senses and responds to blood pressure and blood electrolyte contents
-Macula densa of DCT sense electrolytes & act as chemo receptors
-Juxtamedullary cells sense BP & act as mechanoreceptors
Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
Chemicals sensed by macula densa in JGA trigger paracrine release for smooth muscle stimulation
Neural controls of GFR
-Sympathetic nervous system lead to vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles
Where content is reabsorbed to in the kidneys
Efferent arteriole then into peritubular capillaries
