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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Blood & Immunology > Flashcards

Blood & Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Antigens

A

Surface molecules that act as promoters of agglutination and have co-dominance of IA & IB genes as well as i (recessive)

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2
Q

Agglutinogens

A

Antigen found at the blood cell surface

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3
Q

Agglutinins

A

Antibodies for the antigen NOT found on blood cell surface. For A and B antibodies, humans will synthesize these at birth. No prior exposure needed.

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4
Q

Whole blood transfusion

A

Transfusion with all blood components including donor antibodies

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5
Q

Packed red blood cell transfusion

A

-Transfusion of blood with plasma and white blood cells removed
-No plasma = No donor antibodies

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6
Q

Universal Recipient

A

Type AB. Host makes no antibodies to attack donor blood

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7
Q

Universal Donor

A

Type O: No antigens on RBC surface for host antibodies to target

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8
Q

Rhesus Factor

A

-Forms D antigen that will denote +/-
-Antibodies not preformed in the fetus. Will only be made following exposure

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9
Q

Donor cells in incompatible blood transfusion

A

-Donors cells are attacked by recipient plasma agglutinins
-Blood agglutinates and clogs small vessels
-Rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream

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10
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

-Rh- mom exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus during delivery of first baby causes mother to synthesize anti-Rh antibodies
-During another pregnancy with an Rh+ baby, mother’s anti-Rh antibodies will cross placenta and destroy RBC’s of fetus

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11
Q

Result of incompatible blood transfusion

A

-Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity
-Diminished blood flow beyond blocked vessel
-Hemoglobin in kidney tubules causing kidney failure

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12
Q

Rho-GAM

A

Received antibodies that come in a drug in a low enough quantity to react with Rh of fetus in order to mask the fetus blood from the mother’s immune system that would eventually attack the fetus.

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13
Q

Antibody-Antigen complex

A

Signal for destruction for the immune system

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14
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific defense system

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15
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific defense in cells

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16
Q

First line of defense

A

External body membranes such as skin and mucosae

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17
Q

Second line of defense

A

Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells to prevent infection, inhibit spread of invaders, and promote inflammation

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18
Q

Adaptive defense system

A

Third line of defense to attack specifically a particular foreign substance
-Takes longer to react than innate system
-Specific and Highly Effective

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19
Q

Surface barriers warding off invading pathogens

A

-Physical barrier to most microorganisms
-Acid secretion
-Phagocytes & dendritic cells
-Enzymes-lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid
-Defensins

20
Q

Internal defenses (Second line) of the body

A

-Phagocytic cells
-Natural killer cells
-Antimicrobial proteins
-Fever
-Inflammatory response

21
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant phagocytic cells but often die fighting. Become phagocytic on exposure to infectious materials

22
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells that develop from monocytes. Act as the chief phagocytic cells
-Free macrophages wander through tissue spaces
-Fixed macrophages permanent residents of some organs

23
Q

Phagocytic cells of the body

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

24
Q

Antibacterial proteins (Interferons, complement proteins, defensins)

A

-Attack microorganisms directly
-Hinder microorganisms ability to reproduce

25
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

-Derived from lymphocytes
-Non-phagocytic large granular lymphocytes
-Attack cells that lack cell-surface receptors that indicate “Self” or belonging to host
-Induce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells
-Enhance inflammatory response

26
Q

Fever

A

-Sysetmic increase in body temperature to increase metabolism, proliferation and mobility of WBS, phagocytosis promotion, and impairment of pathogen proliferation

27
Q

Pyrogens

A

Substances that induce fever

28
Q

Triggers of inflammatory response

A

-Injured body tissue
-Extreme heat
-Infection

29
Q

Goal of inflammatory response

A

-Prevents spread of damaging agent
-Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
-Alerts adaptive immune system
-Sets stage for repair

30
Q

4 main signs of inflammatory response

A

-Redness
-Heat
-Swelling
-Pain

31
Q

First phase of inflammation

A

-Injured tissue or immune cells release chemical signals
-Macrophages identify invaders
-Vessels dilate to increase heat and redness of area
-Histamine causes higher capillary permeability causing exudate (blood components) to enter tissue which leads to swelling (Edema) and pain

32
Q

Second phase of inflammation

A

Phagocytes arrive in mass

33
Q

4 steps for phagocyte arrival

A

1.Leukocytosis: Neutrophils enter blood from marrow
2. Margination: Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
3. Diapedesis: Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillary
4. Neutrophils follow chemical trail to damaged site

34
Q

Effects of histamine

A

-Higher capillary permeability causing tissue exudation, swelling and pain
-Vasodilation causing more blood to tissue leading to redness and increased metabolism that leads to heat.

35
Q

Adaptive Defense/Acquired Immunity

A

-Specific response: Antigens produced
-Systemic
-Can have memories
-Both humoral and cellular immunity

36
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

-Antibodies produced by plasmocytes, circulating freely in the body
-Bind temporarily to target cell antigen to temporarily inactivate and mark for destruction
-Humoral immunity has extracellular targets

37
Q

IgM

A

-Primary response: 1st Ig secreted
-Complement activating
-Highly agglutinating
-Mostly in intravascular fluid
-B cell receptor if membrane bound
-Isohemagglutinin in ABO blood types
-Does not pass placenta
-B cells producing IgM’s can switch to produce IgG and memory cells

38
Q

IgA

A

-Major Ig in bodily secretions
-Prevents pathogens & infection
-Highly agglutinating to promote innate immune response

39
Q

IgD

A

-B cell receptor
-Unclear function

40
Q

IgG

A

-Most abundant Ig in plasma
-Main Ig for secondary response
-Complement activation via IgG-Ag complexes
-Activated Ab-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity through NK cells
-Passes placenta barrier
-Passive immunization

41
Q

IgE

A

Fce binds to receptor on mast cells and basophils to release heparin, histamine, leukotrienes, etc. Causes immediate hypersensitivity

42
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Attack and kill infected cells

42
Q

Cellular immunity

A

-Lymphocytes act against target cell
-Cellular immunity has cellular targets
-Mostly triggered by T-lymphocytes

42
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activate B and T cells and induce proliferation

42
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Suppress immune response

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (12 decks)

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