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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

Double layered membrane surrounding the heart muscle with an outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer.
-Visceral layer is continuous with the epicardium
-Contains a pericardial cavity between the 2 layers

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2
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer muscle layer of the heart continuous with the visceral serous pericardium

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3
Q

Myocardium

Percent cell composition

A

Middle layer of heart muscle composed of 1% pacemaker cells and 99% contractile cardiac muscle cells.

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4
Q

Cardiac Skeleton

A

Criss crossing of connective tissue to anchor cardiac muscle fibers, support large vessels, and limit the spread of action potential to specific paths.

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5
Q

Functional syncytium

A

Synchronized contractions of myocardial muscle cells due to the presence of intercalated discs (desmosomes and gap junctions) for communication

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6
Q

Endocardium

A

Lining of heart chambers and valves continuous with blood vessels. Made of endothelium and connective tissue

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7
Q

Septums of the heart

A

-Interatrial: Membranous and separates the 2 atria
-Interventricular: Mostly muscular and separates the 2 ventricles

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8
Q

Role of valves in atrial systole

A
  1. Blood returning to the heart fills the atria pressing against the AV valves until the pressure forces it open
  2. As ventricles fill, AV valves flap hang limply into ventricles
  3. Atria contract forcing remaining blood into ventricle
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9
Q

Role of AV valves during ventricular systole

A
  1. Ventricles contract forcing blood against the AV valve cusps
  2. AV valves close
  3. Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinea tighten to prevent valve flaps from everting into atria
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10
Q

Path of electrical signal of the heart

A

-Sinoatrial node
-Atrioventricular node
-Bundle of His
-Right and Left bundle branches
-Purkinje fibers

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11
Q

Cardiac pacemaker cells potential

A
  1. Unstable RMP
  2. Funny channels open to allow Na and K influx for a constant depolarization
  3. Fast Ca channels open to cause fast depolarization
  4. Once an MP of 20+ mV is reached, Ca channels close and K channels open to efflux K from cell
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12
Q

Phases of cardiac action potential

A
  1. Depolarization: Na influx for rapid depolarization
  2. Plateau phase: Ca influx trough slow Ca channels to keep cell depolarized
  3. Repolarization: Ca channels inactivate and K channels open for K efflux to bring back to resting voltage
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13
Q

P Wave

A

Depolarization of SA node & atria

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14
Q

QRS complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles & repolarization of atria

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15
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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16
Q

P-R Segment

A

Delay of impulse at AV node following atrial depolarization

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17
Q

S-T segment

A

Ventricular depolarization complete

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18
Q

Q-T interval

A

Ventricular depolarization to repolarization

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18
Q

End diastolic volume

A

Volume in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

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18
Q

Iso-volumetric contraction phase

A

After atrial systole as the ventricles begin to depolarize/contract. Volume of blood is maintained in ventricles as both valves are closed causing a pressure increase that leads to opening of semilunar valves

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18
Q

Process of Ventricular Ejection

A

-Pressure in ventricle is larger than the pressure in the artery causing the semilunar valve to open.
-Rapid ejection followed by reduced ejection
-Lasts for entirety of the plateau phase of myocardial action potential

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18
Q

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

Remaining volume following ventricular ejection

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19
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood ejected during ventricular ejection (~70 mL)
-EDV-ESV

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19
Q

Ejection fraction

A

(Stroke volume/End Diastolic Volume)=~54% (Usually)

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20
Q

End diastolic volume

A

Amount of blood the ventricles can hold following diastole (The relaxation phase where they are being filled)

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21
Q

Isovolumic relaxation

A

-Early ventricular diastole: ventricles relax & expand
-Atria are relaxed and filling
-Blood in arteries close SL valve
-Pressure of atria increases
-AV valve will eventually open from pressure

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22
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart Rate (BPM) x Stroke Volume

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23
Q

Normal cardiac output, heart rate, and SV

A

5.25 Liters/Minute
-HR: 75 BPM
-SV: 70 ml/beat

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24
Q

Maximal Cardiac output

A

-4 to 5 times the resting cardiac output
-Up to 35 L/min for athletes

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25
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output

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26
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract, aka end diastolic pressure

27
Q

Frank-Starling law of heart

A

Within physiological limits, the heart pumps all the blood that returns to it.

28
Q

Venous return

A

Amount of blood returning to the heart

29
Q

Contractility

A

Contractile strength –> dependent on factors that make the muscles more responsive to stimulus

30
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood

31
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Tendency to move from areas of high pressure to low pressure

32
Q

Impact of positive chronotropic factors

A

Increased heart rate

33
Q

Impact of negative chronotropic factors

A

Decreased heart rate

34
Q

Impact of positive inotropic factors

A

Increased stroke volume

35
Q

Impact of negative inotropic factors

A

Decreased stroke volume

36
Q

Impact of sympathetic nervous system on heart

A

Increases HR

37
Q

Impact of parasympathetic nervous system on heart

A

Decreased HR

38
Q

Impact of Sympathetic nervous system on HR

A

-Release of epinepherine
-B1 receptors of SA node cause influx of Na and Ca
-Repolarization limited
-Increased HR

39
Q

Impact of ParaSympathetic nervous system on HR

A

-Vagus nerve stimulates acetylcholine release that binds to M2 receptors on SA node
-Opens K+ channels and Closes Ca2+ channels
-Hyper-polarization occurs
-Extended pacemaker potential of cells
-Decreased HR

40
Q

Hypocalcemia affect on HR

A

Depresses HR

41
Q

Hypercalcemia affect on HR

A

Increased HR and contractility

42
Q

Hyperkalemia impact on HR

A

Hyperpolarization, cardiac arrest in diastole

43
Q

Hypokalemia impact

A

-K+ diffuses out of the cardiomyocytes
-No repolarization –> Feeble heartbeat, arrythmia, and cardiac arrest in systole

44
Q

Epinepherine

A

Increases heart rate and contractility

45
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 BPM)

46
Q

Lumen

A

Central space containing and carrying blood

47
Q

Tunica intima

A

Endothelium lines lumen of all vessels and basement membrane

48
Q

Tunica Media

A

-Smooth muscle and elastin
-Autonomic nerve system –> vasoconstriction and vasodilation

49
Q

Tunica Adventitia/Externa

A

Collagen fibers in fibrous tissue

50
Q

Elastic (Conducting) arteries

A

-Large lumen
-Large springy thick-walled (Elastin not muscular)
-Pressure reservoir of systemic circulation
-Aorta and its major branches

51
Q

Muscular (distributing) arteries

A

-Distal
-Thick tunica media with more smooth muscle
-Active in vasoconstriction

52
Q

Arterioles

A

-Lead to capillary beds
-Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

53
Q

Capillary

A

-Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc.
-Diapedesis, immune response, cells to blood flow

54
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

-Most common with complete endothelium and basement membranes
-Leaky junctions
-Located in BBB, skeletal/smooth muscle, and lungs

55
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

-“Windows” and basement membranes for the exchange of large molecules
-Small intestine, kidneys, choroid plexus (CSF), hypothalamus

56
Q

Sinusoid Capillaries

A

-Extensive intercellular gaps and incomplete B<
-Exchange of plasma proteins and even cells
-Incredibly rare: found in liver, spleen, red bone marrow, and lymph nodes

57
Q

Movement of blood in arteries

A

-Pumped by heart
-Aided by gravity in some cases

58
Q

Movement of blood in veins

A

-Skeletal muscle pump
-Respiratory pump
-One way valves

59
Q

Response to increase body temp

A

-Hypothalamus signal
-Warm blood flushes into superficial capillary bed
-Heat radiates from skin
-Lower body temp

60
Q

Brandykinin

A

Signaling molecule that signals for vasodilation to occur from sweat in order to evaporate sweat

61
Q

Response of lowering body temp

A

-As temps decrease blood is shunted to deeper vital organs
-Maintains optimal temperature for sustained metabolic reactions.

62
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force per unit exerted on wall of blood vessels
-Measured by millimeter of mercury

63
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

-Maintenance required for adequate perfusion (Blood flow) of organs (minus lungs)
-Proportional to cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

64
Q

Regulation of peripheral resistance in arterioles

A

-Baroreceptors
-Sympathetic nervous system

65
Q

Blood flow

A

-Volume of blood flowing over a period of time
-Q=ΔP/R
-ΔP: change in BP between 2 points
-R: Resistance

66
Q

Resistance

A

Friction with vessel walls

67
Q

Main sources of resistance

A

-Blood viscosity
-Total blood vessel length
-Blood vessel diameter

68
Q

Causes of increased contractility

A

-Sympathetic stimulation causing increased calcium influx and more cross bridging

69
Q

Causes of decreased contractility

A

Ca2+ channel blockers

70
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Moving of membrane potential to more negative values

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (12 decks)

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