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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

Double layered membrane surrounding the heart muscle with an outer parietal layer and inner visceral layer.
-Visceral layer is continuous with the epicardium
-Contains a pericardial cavity between the 2 layers

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2
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer muscle layer of the heart continuous with the visceral serous pericardium

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3
Q

Myocardium

Percent cell composition

A

Middle layer of heart muscle composed of 1% pacemaker cells and 99% contractile cardiac muscle cells.

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4
Q

Cardiac Skeleton

A

Criss crossing of connective tissue to anchor cardiac muscle fibers, support large vessels, and limit the spread of action potential to specific paths.

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5
Q

Functional syncytium

A

Synchronized contractions of myocardial muscle cells due to the presence of intercalated discs (desmosomes and gap junctions) for communication

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6
Q

Endocardium

A

Lining of heart chambers and valves continuous with blood vessels. Made of endothelium and connective tissue

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7
Q

Septums of the heart

A

-Interatrial: Membranous and separates the 2 atria
-Interventricular: Mostly muscular and separates the 2 ventricles

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8
Q

Role of valves in atrial systole

A
  1. Blood returning to the heart fills the atria pressing against the AV valves until the pressure forces it open
  2. As ventricles fill, AV valves flap hang limply into ventricles
  3. Atria contract forcing remaining blood into ventricle
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9
Q

Role of AV valves during ventricular systole

A
  1. Ventricles contract forcing blood against the AV valve cusps
  2. AV valves close
  3. Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinea tighten to prevent valve flaps from everting into atria
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10
Q

Path of electrical signal of the heart

A

-Sinoatrial node
-Atrioventricular node
-Bundle of His
-Right and Left bundle branches
-Purkinje fibers

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11
Q

Cardiac pacemaker cells potential

A
  1. Unstable RMP
  2. Funny channels open to allow Na and K influx for a constant depolarization
  3. Fast Ca channels open to cause fast depolarization
  4. Once an MP of 20+ mV is reached, Ca channels close and K channels open to efflux K from cell
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12
Q

Phases of cardiac action potential

A
  1. Depolarization: Na influx for rapid depolarization
  2. Plateau phase: Ca influx trough slow Ca channels to keep cell depolarized
  3. Repolarization: Ca channels inactivate and K channels open for K efflux to bring back to resting voltage
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13
Q

P Wave

A

Depolarization of SA node & atria

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14
Q

QRS complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles & repolarization of atria

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15
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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16
Q

P-R Segment

A

Delay of impulse at AV node following atrial depolarization

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17
Q

S-T segment

A

Ventricular depolarization complete

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18
Q

Q-T interval

A

Ventricular depolarization to repolarization

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18
Q

End diastolic volume

A

Volume in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

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18
Q

Iso-volumetric contraction phase

A

After atrial systole as the ventricles begin to depolarize/contract. Volume of blood is maintained in ventricles as both valves are closed causing a pressure increase that leads to opening of semilunar valves

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18
Q

Process of Ventricular Ejection

A

-Pressure in ventricle is larger than the pressure in the artery causing the semilunar valve to open.
-Rapid ejection followed by reduced ejection
-Lasts for entirety of the plateau phase of myocardial action potential

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18
Q

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

Remaining volume following ventricular ejection

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19
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood ejected during ventricular ejection (~70 mL)
-EDV-ESV

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19
Q

Ejection fraction

A

(Stroke volume/End Diastolic Volume)=~54% (Usually)

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20
End diastolic volume
Amount of blood the ventricles can hold following diastole (The relaxation phase where they are being filled)
21
Isovolumic relaxation
-Early ventricular diastole: ventricles relax & expand -Atria are relaxed and filling -Blood in arteries close SL valve -Pressure of atria increases -AV valve will eventually open from pressure
22
Cardiac output
Heart Rate (BPM) x Stroke Volume
23
Normal cardiac output, heart rate, and SV
5.25 Liters/Minute -HR: 75 BPM -SV: 70 ml/beat
24
Maximal Cardiac output
-4 to 5 times the resting cardiac output -Up to 35 L/min for athletes
25
Cardiac reserve
Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output
26
Preload
Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract, aka end diastolic pressure
27
Frank-Starling law of heart
Within physiological limits, the heart pumps all the blood that returns to it.
28
Venous return
Amount of blood returning to the heart
29
Contractility
Contractile strength --> dependent on factors that make the muscles more responsive to stimulus
30
Afterload
Pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood
31
Pressure gradient
Tendency to move from areas of high pressure to low pressure
32
Impact of positive chronotropic factors
Increased heart rate
33
Impact of negative chronotropic factors
Decreased heart rate
34
Impact of positive inotropic factors
Increased stroke volume
35
Impact of negative inotropic factors
Decreased stroke volume
36
Impact of sympathetic nervous system on heart
Increases HR
37
Impact of parasympathetic nervous system on heart
Decreased HR
38
Impact of Sympathetic nervous system on HR
-Release of epinepherine -B1 receptors of SA node cause influx of Na and Ca -Repolarization limited -Increased HR
39
Impact of ParaSympathetic nervous system on HR
-Vagus nerve stimulates acetylcholine release that binds to M2 receptors on SA node -Opens K+ channels and Closes Ca2+ channels -Hyper-polarization occurs -Extended pacemaker potential of cells -Decreased HR
40
Hypocalcemia affect on HR
Depresses HR
41
Hypercalcemia affect on HR
Increased HR and contractility
42
Hyperkalemia impact on HR
Hyperpolarization, cardiac arrest in diastole
43
Hypokalemia impact
-K+ diffuses out of the cardiomyocytes -No repolarization --> Feeble heartbeat, arrythmia, and cardiac arrest in systole
44
Epinepherine
Increases heart rate and contractility
45
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 BPM)
46
Lumen
Central space containing and carrying blood
47
Tunica intima
Endothelium lines lumen of all vessels and basement membrane
48
Tunica Media
-Smooth muscle and elastin -Autonomic nerve system --> vasoconstriction and vasodilation
49
Tunica Adventitia/Externa
Collagen fibers in fibrous tissue
50
Elastic (Conducting) arteries
-Large lumen -Large springy thick-walled (Elastin not muscular) -Pressure reservoir of systemic circulation -Aorta and its major branches
51
Muscular (distributing) arteries
-Distal -Thick tunica media with more smooth muscle -Active in vasoconstriction
52
Arterioles
-Lead to capillary beds -Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction
53
Capillary
-Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. -Diapedesis, immune response, cells to blood flow
54
Continuous capillaries
-Most common with complete endothelium and basement membranes -Leaky junctions -Located in BBB, skeletal/smooth muscle, and lungs
55
Fenestrated capillaries
-"Windows" and basement membranes for the exchange of large molecules -Small intestine, kidneys, choroid plexus (CSF), hypothalamus
56
Sinusoid Capillaries
-Extensive intercellular gaps and incomplete B< -Exchange of plasma proteins and even cells -Incredibly rare: found in liver, spleen, red bone marrow, and lymph nodes
57
Movement of blood in arteries
-Pumped by heart -Aided by gravity in some cases
58
Movement of blood in veins
-Skeletal muscle pump -Respiratory pump -One way valves
59
Response to increase body temp
-Hypothalamus signal -Warm blood flushes into superficial capillary bed -Heat radiates from skin -Lower body temp
60
Brandykinin
Signaling molecule that signals for vasodilation to occur from sweat in order to evaporate sweat
61
Response of lowering body temp
-As temps decrease blood is shunted to deeper vital organs -Maintains optimal temperature for sustained metabolic reactions.
62
Blood pressure
Force per unit exerted on wall of blood vessels -Measured by millimeter of mercury
63
Mean arterial pressure
-Maintenance required for adequate perfusion (Blood flow) of organs (minus lungs) -Proportional to cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
64
Regulation of peripheral resistance in arterioles
-Baroreceptors -Sympathetic nervous system
65
Blood flow
-Volume of blood flowing over a period of time -Q=ΔP/R -ΔP: change in BP between 2 points -R: Resistance
66
Resistance
Friction with vessel walls
67
Main sources of resistance
-Blood viscosity -Total blood vessel length -Blood vessel diameter
68
Causes of increased contractility
-Sympathetic stimulation causing increased calcium influx and more cross bridging
69
Causes of decreased contractility
Ca2+ channel blockers
70
Hyperpolarization
Moving of membrane potential to more negative values

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (16 decks)

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