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BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II > Heart Anatomy & Conduction (LAB PRACTICAL) > Flashcards

Heart Anatomy & Conduction (LAB PRACTICAL) Flashcards

1
Q

Apex & Base of Heart

A

-Apex: Inferior portion
-Base: Superior portion

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2
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

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3
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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4
Q

Atria

A

Receive blood from the vena cavae and pulmonary vein

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5
Q

Ventricles

A

Receive blood from atria, pumps blood into aorta & pulmonary artery

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6
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Separates atria into left atrium and right atrium

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7
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Separates ventricles into the left and right ventricles

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8
Q

Four heart valves

A

-Pulmonary semilunar valve
-Aortic semilunar valve
-Tricuspid valve
-Bicuspid/Mitral valve

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9
Q

Semilunar valves

A

-Located at openings TO the arteries after ventricles
-Consists of 3 moon-shaped cusps/flaps
-Pushed flat against artery wall during ventricular contraction
-Prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles as ventricles relax

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10
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

2 valves located between atria and ventricles

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11
Q

Right atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid: 3 cusps/flaps of endocardium

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12
Q

Left atrioventricular valve

A

Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

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13
Q

Function of atrioventricular valves

A

-During diastole, blood flows through valves from atria into ventricles
-During systole, AV valve closes passively as pressure builds in ventricle to prevent back flow into atria

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14
Q

Chordae tendinea

A

Cords that prevent the inversion of AV valves. Like an umbrella flipping inside out in the wind

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15
Q

Papillary muscle

A

Anchors the chordae tendineae

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16
Q

Lub sound of heart

A

Closure of the AV valves at the start of ventricular systole after blood enters ventricles

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17
Q

Dub sound

A

Closure of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole

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18
Q

Pericardium

A

Double walled sac of the heart

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18
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

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19
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

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20
Q

Outer wall of pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

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21
Q

Inner wall of pericardium

A

Serous pericardium (Double layered)

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22
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outer layer of inner wall that lines the fibrous pericardium

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23
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Inner layer of inner wall that forms the outermost layer of the heart wall called the epicardium

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23
Q

Myocardium

A

-Middle layer of cardiac muscle
-Striated with intercalated discs under involuntary control
-Fibrous skeleton composed of a dense network of fibrous connective tissue that supports the cardiac muscle fibers and heart valves

24
Q

Epicardium

A

-Outermost layer of the heart wall
-Visceral pericardium

25
Q

Endocardium

A

-Innermost layer of heart muscle
-Made of simple squamous epithelium

26
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Carries blood to all tissues for nourishment, then transports deoxygenated blood back to the heart

27
Q

Pathway of systemic circulation

A

-Left ventricle
-Aorta
-Arteries
-Arterioles
-Capillaries
-Venules
-Veins
-Vena Cavae
-Right atrium

28
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange, then brings oxygenated blood back to the heart

29
Q

Pulmonary circulation pathway

A

-Right ventricle
-Pulmonary trunk
-Pulmonary arteries
-Capillaries in the lungs
-Left atrium

30
Q

Intrinsic conduction of the heart

A

-Composed of noncontractile cardiac pacemaker cells that generate electrical impulses
-Induces myocardium to contract
-Impulse begins at SA node in right atrium
-Change in electric potential (Depolarization) and the generation of action potential results in muscle contraction
-Cardiac muscle cells are connected through gap junctions which allow for the spread action potential

31
Q

Mechanism of heart contraction

A
  1. Sinoatrial node generates impulse
  2. Impulses pause for 0.1 seconds at the atrioventricular nodes
  3. Atrioventricular bundle conducts the impulses to the bundle branches
  4. Bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum
  5. The sub-endocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers) depolarizrs the contractile cells of both ventricles
32
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

-Located in the superior portion of the right atrium
-Sets the depolarization rate (Pacemaker)
-Stimulus travels through atria to cause atrial contraction
-Stimulus reaches AV node

33
Q

Bundle branches

A

Conducting nerves in the interventricular septum

33
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

-Node located in the inferior atrial septum of the right atrium
-Allows for atrial contraction to be completed before ventricular depolarization begins in order to prevent premature closure of the AV valves

34
Q

AV Bundle/Bundle of His

A

Located in interventricular septum

35
Q

Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje Fibers)

A

Found in muscles of the ventricular walls and denser in left ventricle.

36
Q

Sympathetic nervous system role in heart conduction

A

Accelerates heart rate

37
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system role in heart conduction

A

Decelerates heart rate

38
Q

Four peak signals of depolarization in electrical conductions

A
  1. Depolarization of SA node
  2. Depolarization and contraction of atrial muscle
  3. Depolarization of AV node
  4. Depolarization and contraction of ventricular muscle
39
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of the atria immediately prior to atrial contraction

40
Q

QRS complex

A

-Depolarization of ventricles, immediately prior to ventricular contraction.
-Atrial repolarization also happens during ventricular contraction

41
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles

42
Q

PR interval

A

Signal travels from SA node to AV node

43
Q

PR interval greater than .2 seconds

A

May indicate partial heart block

44
Q

prolonged QRS complex

A

May indicate partial blockage of right or left bundle branch

45
Q

QT interval

A

From ventricular depolarization to repolarization

46
Q

QT interval during increased heart rate

A

Shorter QT interval

47
Q

Consequence of prolonged QT interval

A

Greater risk of ventricular arrhythmia

48
Q

Junctional Rhythm

A

-P wave absent
-Signifies SA node is not acting as the pacemaker leading to the AV node to pace the heart

49
Q

Second degree heart block

A

-Not all P waves are followed by a QRS complex
-Indicates damage to the AV node

50
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

-Impulses generated in the atria do not pace ventricular contractions
-Uncoordinated contractions of the myocardium
-Typical in acute myocardial infarction

51
Q

Bradycardia

A

A heart rate <60 bpm

52
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate >100 bpm

53
Q

Fibrillation

A

Rapid uncoordinated contractions

54
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Arteries blocked by fat and cholesterol deposits, reducing blood flow

55
Q

Cardiac muscle immediately following myocardial infarction

A

-Loss of striations
-Loss of nuclei

56
Q

Cardiac muscle 1-2 days after myocardial infarction when healing

A

-Necrosis of cardiac tissue
-Invasion of neutrophils to phagocytize debris

57
Q

Cardiac muscle 6+ months after myocardial infraction

A

-Extensive collagen deposits (scarring)
-Scar tissue is noncontranctile

BSCI202: Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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