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HumanBioSciences > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

-Elimination of waste products such as nitrogenous waste ( urea, creatinine, ammonium and uric acid) toxins and drugs

  • Regulation of aspects of homeostasis
    • RBC production
    • Activation of vitamin D
    • water balance
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2
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

Three region of kidney

A
  • Renal cortex
  • Renal medulla
  • Renal pelvis
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4
Q

Each nephron consists of two main structures

A
  1. Renal corpuscle

2. Renal tubule

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5
Q

The subdivision of the renal tubule are

A
  1. proximal convulated tubule
  2. Nephron loop
  3. Distal convulated tubule
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6
Q

Urine formation is the result of three processes

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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7
Q

Glomerula filtration occurs when blood enters the __________

A

glomerulus via the afferent ateriole

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8
Q

The afferent arteriole has a

_________ diameter than the efferent arteriole, resulting in _______. This increased blood pressure _______________.

A

larger, an increase in glomerular blood pressure , forces more fluid and molecules to leave the glomerulus than in typical capillaries

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9
Q

fluid that enters the glomerular capsule is called

A

glomerular filtrate

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10
Q

glomerular filtrate enters the

A

glomerular capsule

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11
Q

(Glomerular filtration) Filterable components of plasma :

A

Water, nitrogenous wastes, nutrients and salts

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12
Q

(glomerular filtration )Non-filterable components of plasma

A

Formed element (blood cells and platelets), plasma proteins

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13
Q

How do the non- filterable components leave the glomerulus

A

by way of the efferent arteriole

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14
Q

Why are plasma proteins or formed elements will not be filtered

A

Larger solutes

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15
Q

How is water and solutes filtered from the blood

A

Blood pressure forces water and small solutes to be filtered from blood into the bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate ?

A

Amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute

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17
Q

What happens when the glomerular capillaries is damaged?

A

larger molecules will be filtered into the filtrate and excreted in the urine

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18
Q

What happens during glomerular filtration

A

water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule

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19
Q

What happens during tubular reabsorption

A

Water ,glucose, amino acids , and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood

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20
Q

What happens during tubular secretion

A

H+, K+ , creatine and drugs are removed from the peritubular blood and secreted by the tubule cells into the filtrate

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21
Q

Tubular reabsorption

The capillaries around the tubules reabsorbed ________________.

A

useful substances from the renal tubule cells such as water, glucose, amino acids, ions

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22
Q

Most reabsorption occurs in the __________.

A

proximal convulated tubule.

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23
Q

tubular reabsorption

______________ are poorly reabsorbed

A

Nitrogenous waste products are poorly reabsorbed

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24
Q

Second way by which substances move from the blood to the tubular fluid

A

tubular secretion

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25
Q

what are secreted (tubular secretion )

A

h+,creatine and drugs such as penicillin are secreted

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26
Q

Tubular secretion occurs _________

A

along the length of the kidney tubule

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27
Q

Secretion is important for

A
  • Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
  • Removing drugs and excess ions
  • Maintaining acid-base balance of blood
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28
Q

Series of tubes carrying tubular fluid away from the nephron

A
  • collecting duct

- papillary duct

29
Q

Collecting duct

A

collect fluid from many nephrons

30
Q

Papillary duct

A

collect fluid from multiple collecting ducts

31
Q

In the end urine contain

A

substances that have been filtered but not reabsorbed, plus what has been secreted

32
Q

Solutes normally found in urine

A

Sodium and potassium ions

Urea, uric acid, creatine

Ammonia

Bicarbonate ions

33
Q

Solutes not normally found in urine

A
  • Glucose
  • Blood proteins
  • Red blood cells
  • Hemoglobin
  • Pus
  • Bile
34
Q

Ureters

A

Slender tubes attatching the kidney to the urinary bladder

35
Q

what aids gravity in urine transport

A

peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport

36
Q

What is a urinary bladder

A

It temporarily stores urine

37
Q

Trigone

A

triangular region of the urinary bladder base

38
Q

Urinary bladder has three openings

A

two from the ureters, one to the urethra

39
Q

Wall of the urinary bladder

A

Three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle

Mucosa made of transitional epithelium

Walls are thick and folded in an empty urinary bladder

40
Q

Urethra

A

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis

41
Q

Function of urethra

A

females - only carries urine

males- carries urine and sperm

42
Q

Release of urine is controlled by

A

sphincters

43
Q

Two sphincter that control the release of urine is called

A

Internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter

44
Q

Internal urethral sphincters

A

involuntary and made of smooth muscle

45
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

voluntary and made of skeletal muscle

46
Q

Micturition

A

Voiding , emptying of urinary bladder

47
Q

Micturition reflex causes _________________

A

involuntary internal sphincter to open when stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated

48
Q

Micturition can usually be delayed as

A

the external sphincter is voluntarily controlled

49
Q

Intracellular fluids

A

fluid inside the cells , about two-thirds of body fluids

50
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Fluids outside cells which includes

  • interstitial fluid
  • blood plasma, cerebrospinal and serous fluids, humors of the yes and lymph
51
Q

_________ and _______ participate in the reabsorption of water

A

Tubules of a nephron and the collecting duct

52
Q

The reabsorption of ______ always precedes the reabsorption of ______, which occurs by

A

salt , water , osmosis

53
Q

Water reabsorption in collecting ducts is proportion to

A

Antidiuretic hormone release

54
Q

Abnormalities of water balance

A

Dehydration

Edema: atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid, resulting in tissue swelling.

55
Q

Solutes in the body include

A

electrolytes such as sodium, potassium and calcium ions

56
Q

_________ increases sodium and water reabsorption and decreases potassium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone (a hormone)

57
Q

Normal pH for body fluids is

A

7.35 to 7.45

58
Q

Alkalosis

A

blood pH above 7.45

59
Q

blood pH above 7.45

A

alkalosis

60
Q

Acidosis

A

blood pH below 7.35

61
Q

blood pH below 7.35

A

acidosis

62
Q

The pH of body fluids is maintained via several mechanisms

A
  • acid-base buffer systems
  • the respiratory center
  • the kidneys
63
Q

renal mechanisms

when blood ph rises:

A
  • bicarbonate ions are excreted

- hydrogen ions are retained by kidney tubules

64
Q

renal mechanisms

when blood pH fails:

A
  • bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed

- hydrogen ions are secreted

65
Q

Kidney assist other systems such as

A
  • secretes erythropoietin , a hormone that stimulates production of RBCs in the red bone marrow
  • They regulate the amount of Ca2+ in the blood by converting vitamin D to its active form, which is needed for Ca2+ absorption in the digestive tract. They also regulate the excretion of electrolytes, inc Ca2+
66
Q

Renal failure develops when

A

there is a reduction in the kidneys’ ability to sufficiently filter waste products from the blood

67
Q

Renal failure may require

A

renal replacement therapy : dialysis or renal transplant

68
Q

What is an Acute Kidney Injury

A

Sudden decline in glomerular filtration rate. This results in elevations in serum creatinine , blood urea nitrogen and electrolyte levels

69
Q

Chronic Kidney disease

A

Presence of kidney damage or decreased GFR for greater than 3 months

HumanBioSciences (20 decks)

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