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HumanBioSciences > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

Arterioles

A

Are the smallest branches of arteries

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3
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to heart

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4
Q

Venules

A

Collect blood from capillaries

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

Small, thin-walled vessels between smallest arteries and veins

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6
Q

Vascular pathway of Blood flow

A

Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins

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7
Q

Functions of cardiovascular system

A

1) Transport. Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues. Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues
2) Protection. Carries cells and chemicals of immune system
3) Regulation. Homeostatis

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8
Q

Location of the heart

A

Thorax, behind the sternum, behind the lungs in the inferior mediastinum, a space between the two pleural cavities.

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9
Q

Orientation of the heart

A

Pointed apex directed toward left hip

Base points toward right shoulder

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10
Q

Covering and walls of the heart

A

Pericardium which is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart.

Serous membrane that surrounds the heart and lines the pericardial cavity has two parts

  1. Parietal pericardium
    : outer layer, lines surface of the pericardial cavity
  2. Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) : inner layer, covers the heart
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11
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

outer layer, lines the surface of the pericardial cavity

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12
Q

Visceral pericardium / Epicardium

A

inner layer, covers the heart

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13
Q

What fills the space between the layers of pericardium?

A

Pericardial fluid

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14
Q

inner layer, covers the heart

A

Visceral pericardium / Epicardium

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15
Q

outer layer, lines the surface of the pericardial cavity

A

Parietal pericardium

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16
Q

Space between the layers of pericardium

A

Pericardial fluid

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17
Q

Three layers of the heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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18
Q

Epicardium

A

Outside layer made of connective tissue

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer. It mostly contains cardiac muscle

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20
Q

Endocardium / Endothelium

A

Inner layer known as endothelium

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21
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

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22
Q

Name of part that separates the two ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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23
Q

Name of part that separates the two atria

A

Interatrial septum

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24
Q

Difference between right ventricle and left ventricle

A 
Right ventricle- 
thinner myocardium/ wall
Lower pressure system 
Pump blood only to lungs 
Left ventricle - 
Very thick myocardium/ wall
Produces 4-6 times as much pressure than right 
Pumps blood to aorta and then to the whole body
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25
Q

Name the part of the hearts

A

.

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26
Q

Functions of heart valves

A

To prevent backflow of blood.

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27
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Between atria and ventricles

  1. Bicuspid valve/ mitral valve (left side of the heart)
  2. Triscupid valve (right of the side of the heart)

Open during heart relaxation and closed during ventricular contraction.

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28
Q

Bicuspid valve / mitral valve

A

Left side of the heart

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29
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

right side of the heart

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30
Q

Atrioventricular valves are anchored in place by

A

chordae tendineae

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31
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Between ventricle and artery

  1. pulmonary semilunar valve
  2. Aortic semilunar valve

Closed during heart relaxation but open during ventricular contraction.

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32
Q

Four Heart valves

A
  1. Biscupid/Mitral valve
  2. Tricuspid valve
  3. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  4. Aortic semilunar valve
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33
Q

How do the first heart sound “lubb” arrives?

A

Due to the AV valves closing

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34
Q

What causes the Second heart sound “dubb”

A

due to the semilunar valves closing

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35
Q

How does the third and fourth heart sounds arrive?

A

Due to the atrial contraction and blood flow into ventricles

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36
Q

Difference between pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the lungs and the heart while Systematic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body

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37
Q

Describe what happens during pulmonary circulation

A

From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs.

In the lungs, gaseous exchange occurs where blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2

Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four pulmonary veins

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38
Q

Describe what happens during systematic circulation

A

Oxygen-rich blood returns to heart through the four pulmonary veins

Blood enters the left atrium and travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle

From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via the aortic semilunar valve and aorta.

Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through the capillary walls

Deoxygenated blood will travel via the superior and inferior vena cava and reach the right atrium

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39
Q

The path of blood flow

A

Deoxygenated blood will travel via the superior and inferior vena cava and reach the right atrium

Blood enters the right atrium and travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs.

In the lungs, gaseous exchange occurs where blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2

Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four pulmonary veins

Blood enters the left atrium and travels through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle

From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via the aortic semilunar valve and aorta.

Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through the capillary walls

40
Q

The heart had its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of :

A
  1. Coronary arteries - branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
  2. Cardiac veins - drain the myocardium of deoygenated blood
  3. Coronary sinus- a large vein on the posterior of the heart, received blood from the cardiac veins

Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus.

41
Q

Left and right coronary arteries originate at _______.

A

base of aorta

42
Q

Branches of right coronary arteries

A

marginal and posterior interventricular arteries

43
Q

Branches of left coronary arteries

A

Circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries (LAD - left anterior descending artery)

44
Q

Anastomoses

A

Interconnections formed between artery. It is to provide alternate pathways for blood supply to cardiac muscle.

45
Q

Two types of cardiac muscle cells

A
  • Contractile cells

- Conducting system

46
Q

How is cardiac muscle activity initiated?

A

Cardiac muscle activity is initiated and controlled by movements of ions across the cell membrane

47
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

Network of specialised cardiac muscle cells that initiated a stimulus to contract

Once SA node starts the heartbeat. Impulse spreads to the AV node. Then the atria contract.

At the AV node, the impulse passes through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fIbers

Blood is ejected from the ventricles to the aorta and pulmonary trunk as the ventricles contract.

48
Q

heart’s pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial node (SA)

49
Q

What is an Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

Recording of heart’s electrical activities from body surface by placing electrodes.

50
Q

P Wave

A

Represents atrial contraction. Impulse is generated at pacemaker SA Node

51
Q

QRS Complex

A

Represents ventricular contraction

52
Q

T WAVE

A

Represents ventricular relaxation

53
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

54
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

55
Q

Contraction

A

Systole

56
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

57
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Period between start of one heartbeat and the next

58
Q

heart rate

A

Number of beats per minute

59
Q

Sequence of contractions

A

Atria contract together first : atrial systole. Push blood into the ventricles. Ventricles relaxed.

Ventricles contract together next : Ventricular systole. Push blood into the pulmonary and systematic circuits. Atria are relaxed.

60
Q

Typical cardiac cycle last

A

800 msec

61
Q

Atria contract together first

A

atrial systole

62
Q

Ventricle contract together next

A

ventricular systole

63
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

64
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Amount of blood pumped by each side ventricle of the heart in one minute

65
Q

HR x SV

A

Cardiac output (CO)

66
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

67
Q

Factors affecting heart rate

A

Autonomic innervation, hormones

68
Q

Factors affecting stroke volume

A

End-diastolic volume, End-systolic volume

69
Q

Regulation of cardiovascular functions

A
  • Blood volume reflexes and auto regulation
  • Hormones and ions
  • Physical factors
  • Neural controls
70
Q

Blood volume reflexes

A
  • Atrial reflexes

- Frank-Starling principle

71
Q

Atrial reflexes

A

Adjusts HR in response to increase in venous return

An autonomic sympathetic response to wall stretch

72
Q

Venous return

A

flow of blood back to the heart.

73
Q

Frank- starling principle

A

Increase in venous returns leads to:

  • Increase stretch on myocardial cells
  • Cells responds by contracting harder, increasing cardiac output
74
Q

Peacemaker cells - autonomous or no?

A

autonomous

75
Q

Heart has dual innervation from the autonomic nervous system which has two parts :

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system- releases Norepinephrine. Increases heart rate and stroke
    volume

2.Parasympathetic nervous system releases Acetyl Choline -> slow heart rate and stroke volume

76
Q

Cardioacceleratory center is sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

symphatetic

77
Q

Cardioinhibitory center

A

parasymphatetic

78
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes

A

Receptor monitor degree of stretch elicited by blood pressure.

Very sensitive to ensure adequate flow to and perfusion of brain

79
Q

Receptors are located at

A
  • aortic sinuses

- carotid sinuses

80
Q

Neural controls consist of

A

Autonomic nervous system

  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system

Baroreceptor
reflexes and chemoreceptor reflexes

81
Q

Chemoreceptor reflexes

A

Receptors sensitive to changes in CO2, O2 and pH in blood and CSF and activates the cardiovascular regulatory center in mendulla oblongata

82
Q

Where is chemoreceptor reflexes located at?

A

Located in carotid and aortic bodies and mendulla oblongata

83
Q

Short-term

hormones and ions

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine cause rapid increase pf cardiac output and vasoconstriction

84
Q

Long-term

hormones and ions

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), angiotensin - Raise BP when low
  • Atrial Natriuretic peptide- lowers BP when too high
85
Q

Systolic

A

Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

86
Q

Diastolic

A

Pressure when ventricles relax

87
Q

another word for High blood pressure

A

Hypertension

88
Q

Hypertension can be treated with

A

diuretics

89
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A buildup of atherosclerotic plaque in the walls of the blood vessels .
Plaque narrow blood vessel diameter, decreasing blood supply to tissues
Can cause clots to form in the roughened walls of arteries

90
Q

Names of clots caused by Atherosclerosis

A
  1. Thrombus
  2. Embolus
  3. Thromboembolism
91
Q

thrombus

A

a clot that is stationary

92
Q

Embolus

A

A clot that detaches and moves to distant sites

93
Q

Thromboembolism

A

an embolus that had become lodged in a blood vessel.

94
Q

Heart attack also known as

A

Myocardial Infarction

95
Q

Heart attack is cause by

A

a blocked coronary artery.

96
Q

angina pectoris

A

pain in the chest from a partially blocked coronary artery. It can be treated with drugs that dilate blood vessels.

97
Q

Aneurysm

A

A ballooning of a blood vessel, most often the abdominal aorta or blood vessels in the brain

HumanBioSciences (20 decks)

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