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HumanBioSciences > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Aids in sense of smell in nasal cavity
  2. Produces sounds for speaking, singing and other forms of communication
  3. Moves air along respiratory passageways to and form gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs
  4. Provides large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
  5. Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes and pathogens
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2
Q

Upper respiratory system

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
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3
Q

Lower respiratory system

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs (bronchioles and alveoli)
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4
Q

Respiratory defense system

A

Nasal cavity
mucous cells and mucous glands
cilia

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5
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Nasal hairs , at the opening of the nostrils trap large particles of dust that might otherwise be inhaled

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6
Q

Mucous cells and mucous glands

A

Produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces

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7
Q

cilia

A

sweep mucus and trapped debris and microorganisms toward pharynx to be swallowed to acids in stomach or coughed out

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8
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

Flow of mucus/ trapped debris

sticky mucus produced by mucous cell and mucous glands

trap debris particles

Moved by beating cilia

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9
Q

where is the debris on the mucociliary swept to ?

A

towards pharynx and swallowed to acids in stomach or coughed out

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10
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Engulf small particles that reach lungs

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11
Q

Air enters the nose through the ______

A

nares

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12
Q

Olfactory tract

A

Detect the sense of the smell and convey it to the brain

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13
Q

The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with ______

A

respiratory mucosa

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14
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

moistens air and traps incoming foreign particles

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15
Q

Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called ______

A

sinuses

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16
Q

Functions of the sinuses

A
  • lighten the skull
  • act as resonance chambers for speech
  • produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
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17
Q

Pharynx

A

throat

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18
Q

throat

A

pharynx

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19
Q

three regions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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20
Q

Where are the tonsils located in

A

pharynx

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21
Q

Larynx

A

voice box

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22
Q

function of larynx

A

helps to route the air and food into proper channels

plays a role in speech

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23
Q

Larynx is made of

A

eight rigid cartilages, epiglottis

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24
Q

Epiglottis

A

Protects the superior opening of the larynx

Routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea

When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

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25
Q

Larynx

A

houses the vocal cords- mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments

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26
Q

The slit between the vocal cords is called

A

glottis

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27
Q

When air passes through the _______, the vocal cords______, producing sound

A

glottis, vibrate

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28
Q

The ______ the tension in the vocal cords, the _____ the pitch

A

greater, higher

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29
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe

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30
Q

Trachea is lined with

A

ciliated mucosa

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31
Q

Ciliated mucosa in the trachea

A

Cilia beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air

Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

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32
Q

Walls of the trachea are reinforced with _________ which keeps it ______

A

C-shaped hyaline, patent

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33
Q

Tranchea branches into two bronchi

A

right main bronchus , left main bronchus

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34
Q

Right main bronchus

A

Creates more likely pathway for foreign objects

-> wider, shorter and at a steeper angle than the left bronchi

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35
Q

number of right lung lobes

A

3

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36
Q

number of left lung lobes

A

2

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37
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by ______

A

fissures

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38
Q

The walls of the sac and the capillaries are both made of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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39
Q

Gas exchange occurs

A

between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

40
Q

Gas exhange occurs in the lungs: Oxygen diffuses across the _________ and enters the ________, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the ______ into the _______

A

alveolar wall , bloodstream, blood alveoli

41
Q

Alveoli are lined with ______, a film of _______ that lowers the _________ and prevents __________.

A

surfactant , lipoprotein, surface tension of water, the alveoli from closing

42
Q

Main cell of alveoli

A

pneumocytes Type 1

43
Q

Function of alveolar macrophages

A

patrol epithelium, phagocytizing particles in alveoli

44
Q

structure of type 1 pneumocytes

A

unsually thin, simple squamous epithelium

45
Q

function of pneumocytes type 2

A

produce surfactant, a liquid that helps to keep alveoli open by reducing surface tension

46
Q

Respiratory membrane are formed

A

by alveolar and capillary walls

47
Q

site of gas exchange

A

respiratory membrane

48
Q

Layers of respiratory membrane

A
  • Alveolar cell layer
  • Capillary endothelium
  • Fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial cells
49
Q

alveolar cell layer

A

squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli

50
Q

What covers the outer surface of the lungs

A

Serosa

51
Q

Serosa layers

A
  • (inner layer) pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
  • parietal pleura (outer layer) lines the walls of the thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
52
Q

What pleural fluid does?

A

It fills the area of the pleura to allow gliding and decrease friction during breathing

53
Q

Space between the layers

A

pleural space

54
Q

Main purpose of respiration

A

to provide oxygen to the cells at a rate adequate to satisfy their metabolic needs

55
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

moving air into and out of the lungs

56
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

57
Q

Gas transport

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

58
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systematic capillaries

59
Q

Four events of respiration

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • External respiration
  • Gas transport
  • Internal respiration
60
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is a _______ process that depends on __________ in the __________

A

mechanical, volume changes, thoracic cavity

61
Q

Volume changes lead to

___________ , which lead to ____________.

A

pressure changes, the flow of gases to equalize pressure

62
Q

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

Inspiration , expiration

63
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation, flow of air into lungs

64
Q

expiration

A

exhalation, air leaving lungs

65
Q

Primary respiratory muscles

A

the diaphragm

external intercostals

66
Q

Accessory respiratory muscles

A

The sternocleidomastoid,
the pectoralis major,
the trapezius

67
Q

when is assessory respiratory muscles activated

A

when respiration increases significantly

68
Q

What happens when Inspiration occurs

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

the size of the thoracic cavity increases

external air is pulled into the lungs as a result of increase in intrapulmonary volume and decrease in gas pressure

air is sucked into the lungs

69
Q

What happens when expiration occurs

A

largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity

As muscle relax, air is pushed out of the lungs as a result of decrease in intrapulmonary volume and increase in gas pressure

forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

70
Q

Normal breathing moves about _____ml of air with each breath

A

500 ml

71
Q

respiratory volume is

A

tidal volume

72
Q

What factors affect respiratory capacity

A
  • age
  • sex
  • a person’s size
  • physical condition
73
Q

Volumes during ventilation

A

tidal volume
vital capacity
inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

74
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air that moves in and out with each normal breath

75
Q

Vital capacity

A

the maximum volume that can be moved in plus the maximum amount that can be moved out during each breath

76
Q

Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

A

the increased volume of air moving in or out of the body with forced inspiration and expiration

77
Q

Vital capacity is the sum

A

of tidal + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve volumes

78
Q

Residual volume

A

the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation

79
Q

Nonrespiratory air movements can be caused by

A

reflexes or voluntary actions

80
Q

Examples of nonrespiratory air movements

A 
cough and sneeze 
crying
laughing
hiccup 
yawn
81
Q

Sounds that can be heard with a stethoscope

A
  1. bronchial sounds - produced by air rushing through lung passageways such as trachea and bronchi
  2. Vesicular breathing sounds
82
Q

Bronchial sounds is produced

A

produced by air rushing through lung passageways such as trachea and bronchi

83
Q

Vesicular breathing sounds

A

soft sounds of air filling alveoli

84
Q

what happens during external respiration

A
  • Air in the lungs has high PO2 and low PCO2
  • Blood arriving in pulmonary arteries has low PO2 and high PCO2
  • Concentration gradient causes O2 to enter blood and CO2 to leave blood
85
Q

Carbon dioxide transport in blood

A

Transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion

a small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites from those of oxygen

86
Q

Oxygen transport in blood

A

Most oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin

A small dissolved amount is carried in the plasma

87
Q

What happens during internal respiration

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood (loading)

Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissues (unloading)

88
Q

Breathing is controlled by the _______ and by _______

A

nervous system , certain chemicals

89
Q

Neural centers (nervous control of breathing)

A

control rate and depth are located in the mendulla oblongata and pons - in the brain stem

90
Q

where are the neural centers located at

A

mendulla oblongata and pons in the brain stem

91
Q

How inspiration occurs

A

respiratory control center in the brain automatically send out nerve signals to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles of the rib cage, causing inspiration to occur.

92
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors that are sensitive to the chemical composition of fluids

93
Q

Two sets of chemoreceptors sensitive to pH can cause breathing to ________

A

speed up

94
Q

Two sets of chemoreceptors are

A

mendulla oblongata of the brain stem

carotid bodies of the carotid arteries and aortic bodies of the aorta

95
Q

Process of removal of CO2 from the blood

A

Production of CO2 during cell respiration

Formation of acid and decreased pH

Activation of chemoreceptors

Respiratory center increases the rate and depth of breathing

Remove CO2 from the blood

HumanBioSciences (20 decks)

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