female reproductive system Flashcards
what are gamete
a functional reproductive cell
what are gonads
reproductive organs that produces gametes and hormones
what are female gonads and gametes
gonads- ovaries
gametes- oocyte
what are male gonads and gametes
gonads- testis
gametes- sperm
female system also __________ and _________ the developing _________ until birth
protect , nourish, fetus
functions of female reproductive tract
- produce sex hormones (oestrogen, progesterone)
- produce gametes
- support and protect developing embryo
female gonad
ovary
female ducts
fallopian tube (oviducts) uterus external genitalia
function of ovaries
produces eggs and female hormones
location of ovaries
located near lateral of pelvic cavity
gametes or eggs are called
ova
type of female sex hormones being secreted
estrogens
progestins
function of fimbriae
finger-like, ciliated projections which capture the ovum from the surface of the ovary
function of ampulla
widest section of the uterine tubes. Fertilisation usually occurs here
what is isthmus
narrow section of the uterin tubes connecting the ampulla to the unterine cavity
function of uetrus
provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the embryonic and fetal development
what are the 3 regions of uterus
fundus, body and cervix
uterine wall has 3 layers which are?
endometrium (inner layer)
perimetrium (outer layer)
myometrium (middle layer)
inner layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
middle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
outer later of uterine wall
perimetrium
endometrium has how may layers
2 - functional layer and basal layer
functional later shed during ___________
menstrual period
basal layer contains
reproducing cells
functional layer varies in thickness according to
uterine cycle
muscle layer of myometrium contracts
during labor and delivery
_________ increase the uterine contractions
myometrium
vagina is an elastic muscular tube that is ______ and _______ to the rectum, _______ to the urethra
parallel and anterior, posterior
functions of the vagina
- passageway for menstrual fluid
- receives penis and holds semen during intercourse
- lower portion of birth canal
menstrual cycle controlled by hormones of
pituitary gland and ovaries
hormones of the anterior pituitary hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone
functions of hormones of the anterior pituitary
provide feedback to hypothalamus
govern ovarian cycles
regulate secretions of ovarian hormones
hormones of the ovaries
estrogen and progesterone
function of hormones of the ovaries
govern uterine cycles
provide feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary
ovarian cycle is series of changes in
ovaries associated with oocyte and maturation
ovarian cycle is controlled by
FSH and LH
uterine cycle is the changes in the
endometrial lining of the uterus
uterine cycle is controlled by
estrogen and progesterone
ovarian cycle takes how long
secondary follicle matures through a 28 day cycle
phases during ovarian cycle
follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase
how long does follicular phase takes
14 days
ovulation
occurs in an instant
luteal phase duration
14 days
follicular phase onset is triggered by
an increase in FSH from pituitary gland to stimulate formation of tertiary follicle from secondary follicles.
estrogens are secreted by
growing follicular cells secrete estrogen
functions of estrogens
stimulate bone and muscle growth
establishes and maintains secondary sex characteristics
increases sex drive & maintains accessory organ function
initiates repair and growth of endometrium
effects of estrogen on heart
protects from cholesterol
effect of estrogen on brain
body temperature adjustmenet, memory function , libido adjustment
effect of estrogen on liver
cholesterol production regulation
effect of estrogen on breast
breast growth
feeding function
effect of estrogen on bones
bones strength
density increase
effect of estrogen on ovary
maturation simulation
effect of estrogen on uterus
monthly preparation for pregnancy or menstral cycle
estrogen negative feedback decreases what hormones
GnRH and FSH
LH surge happens during
ovulation
early corpus luteum produces
progesterone
increased levels of estrogens at about day _______ trigrers surge of _______
12 , LH
LH surge triggers ________ stage
ovulation
what happens during the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle
- tertiary follicle bursts
- release secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity
- oocyte enters uterine tube
what happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
- empty follicle collapses
- develops into endocrine structure, corpus luteum
- corpus luteum secretes progesterone, Prepares endometrium for implantation of embryo
- without fertillization of the ovum, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans which marks the end of full ovarian cycle
- FSH will rise to initiate another ovarian cycle
a primary follicle contains an __________ and begins the
oocyte , production of sex hormones estrogen
the secondary follicle contains a ______________ and produces the hormone __________ and
________________
primary oocyte, sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
describe what happens during the follicular phase
- a primary follicle contains an oocyte and begins producing the sex hormone estrogen
- the secondary follicle contains a primary oocyte and produces the sex hormones estrogen and progesteron
- vesicular (graafian) follicle develops
- the secondary oocyte is release
function of corpus luteum
produce sex hormones progesteroe and some estrogen
what is an uterine cycle
- changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus
- controlled by estrogen and progesterone
what is the word to describe 1st cycle at puberty
menarche
function of the uterine cycle
prepare uterine lining for implantation of fertilised ovum, called a zygote
phases of uterine cycle
menses, proliferative phase, secretory phase
menses happens day _ to _
1-5
describe what happens during menses
degeneration of functional zone of endometrium. Arteries constrict and secretory glands and epithelial cells die, functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed.
blood and dead cells pass through and out the vagina
menses is triggered by
drop in progesterone and estrogen. ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels.
the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle begins at
completion of menses
days -14
what happens during the proliferative phase
increases in ovarian estrogen trigger regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium
endometrium is repaired and thickens
endometrium becomes wall vascularized
development of nutritional secretory glands in the endometrium
functional zone bevomes thick.
estrogen levels rise
ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage
_______ levels rise during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
estrogen
the secretory phase begins at
ovulation to prepares endometrium for a developing embryo/ pregnancy
secretory phase of the uterine phase is stimulated by
progesterone secreted by corpus luteum
what will happen during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
the arteries in the endometrium will elongate and spiral to increase the blood supply to the embryo . nutritional glands enlarge
if fertilization does occur , embryo produces hormones that cause
corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones,
prepare the development and implantation of embryo
if fertilization does not occur,
corpus luteum degenerates, which leads to decreased progesterone and uterine cycle ends and menses will begin again
what is menopause
time when ovulation and menstruation cease
decline in estrogen and progesterone due to the shortage of follicles that can respond to FSH.
link to osteoporosis
woman with menopause experiences neural effects such as
hot flashes, anxiety , depression
example of vaginal infections
candida infection
most common sexually transmitted infection in woman
chlamydia and gonorrhea
persistent vaginal infection may lead to
infection ascend up to uterus and fallopian tube which lead to scar tissue formation hence preventing sperm from meeting the ova and cause infertility
blocked fallopian tube due to infections, endometriosis leasing to scar tissue formation may lead to
prevent fertilization and lead to infertility
what are fibroids ?
non malignant tumors, commonly found at the uterus which prevent implantation