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HumanBioSciences > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion occurs

A

when food enters oral cavity

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2
Q

Digestion and propulsion

A

Breaking food into nutrient molecules

Propelling food along digestive tract

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3
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

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4
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of indigestible waste

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5
Q

three subdivision of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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6
Q

esophagus conducts food by

A

peristalsis to the stomach

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7
Q

espohagus is located _________ to the trachea

A

posterior

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8
Q

the stomach is a c-shaped organ located on the _______ side of the abdominal cavity

A

left

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9
Q

food enters at the ______________ from the esophagus

A

cardioesophageal sphincter

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10
Q

food empties into the small intestine at the ________

A

pyloric sphincter valve

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11
Q

internal fold of the mucosa present of the stomach

A

rugae

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12
Q

gastric glands secrete ____________, including _________, which is needed for _________ absorption in the small intestine

A

gastric juice, intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine

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13
Q

Parietal cells produce

A

hydrochloric acid

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14
Q

Functions of the stomach

A
  • temporary storage tank for food
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical breakdown of protein
  • delivers chyme to the small intestine
  • production of intrinsic factor
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15
Q

stomach delivers _____ to the small intestine

A

chyme

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16
Q

small intestine parts

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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17
Q

the bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join the ________ via and opening called as __________

A

duodenum, hepatopancreatic ampulla

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18
Q

Pancreatic ducts carry enzymes to the ______

A

Pancreatic ducts, duodenum

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19
Q

_______ carries bile, formed by the _____

A

Bile duct , liver

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20
Q

fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa

A

villi

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21
Q

tiny projections of the plasma membrane

A

microvilli

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22
Q

_________ produce alkaline mucus to lubricate the passage of feces.

A

Goblet cells, lubricate

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23
Q

masticate

A

chew

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24
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands empty secretions into the mouth

A
  1. parotid glands
  2. sublingual glands
  3. submandibular glands
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25
Q

function of saliva

A

helps to moisten and bind food together into a mass called a bolus

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26
Q

saliva contains ________ to begin ________

A

salivary amylase, starch digestion

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27
Q

chemical digestion in the small intestine relies on the _________ and _______

A

liver and pancreas.

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28
Q

liver located on the ______ side of the body under the __________

A

right, diaphragm

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29
Q

liver connected to the gallbladder via

A

hepatic duct

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30
Q

bile is produced by

A

cells in the liver

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31
Q

bile leaves the liver through _________ and enter the _______ through the _________

A

common hepatic duct, duodenum, bile duct

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32
Q

Function of bile

A

emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat gobules into smaller ones

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33
Q

What are gallstones

A

gallstones are crystallized cholesterol, which can cause blockages

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34
Q

When no digestion is occuring, bile backs up the ________ for storage in the gallbladder.

A

cystic duct

35
Q

the pancreas lies ________ in the retroperitoneum behind the _______.

A

transversely, stomach

36
Q

function of pancreas

A

produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food . It secretes enzyme into the duodenum

37
Q

Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes from the pancreas ______________

A

neutralizes acid chyme coming from the stomach

38
Q

is pancreatic fluid alkaline or acidic?

A

alkaline

39
Q

hormones produced by the pancreas

A

Insulin and Glucagon

40
Q

Ingestion

A

placing of food into the mouth

41
Q

propulsion

A

movement of foods from one region of the digestive system to another

42
Q

Peristalsis

A

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeezes food along the GI tract

43
Q

Segmentation

A

movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in the small intestine

44
Q

Examples of mechanical breakdown

A

mixing of food in the mouth by tongue

churning of food in the stomach

segmentation in the small intestine

45
Q

Mechanical digestion prepares food for _________

A

further degradation by enzymes

46
Q

type of food breakdown

A

1) mechanical breakdown

2) digestion

47
Q

Digestion occurs when enzymes

A

chemically break down large molecules into their building blocks

48
Q

carbohydrates are broken to

A

monosaccharides

49
Q

proteins are broken to

A

amino acids

50
Q

fats are broken to

A

fatty acids and glycerol

51
Q

digestion of carbohydrates happens in the

A

mouth and small intestine

52
Q

enzymes and source that digest carbohydrates

A
  • salivary amylase

- pancreatic amylase

53
Q

describe what happens during absorption of carbohydrates

A

The monosaccharides , glucose , galactose and fructose enter the capillary blood blood in the villi and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

54
Q

Examples of brush border enzymes in small intestine

A

glucoamylase, lactase, maltase, and sucrase

55
Q

diGESTION of proteins happens in the

A

stomach, small intestine

56
Q

enzymes and sources that digest proteins

A
  • pepsin (stomach galnds ) in the presence of HCL
  • pancreatic enxymes (trypsin, carboxypeptidase)
  • brush border enzymes (aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase)
57
Q

Describe what happens during absorption of proteins

A

amino acids enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

58
Q

Digestion of fats occurs in the

A

small intestine

59
Q

enzymes and source that digest fats

A
  • emulsified by the detergent action of bile salts from the liver
  • pancreatic lipase
60
Q

describe what happens during absorption of fats

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the lacteals of the villi and are transported to the systematic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic duct.

Glycerol and short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

61
Q

End products of digestion are absorbed in the ________ or______

A

blood, lymph

62
Q

food must enter ______ cells and then into _____ or __________

A

mucosal, blood or lymph capillaries

63
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces

64
Q

Describe activites occuring in the mouth

A
  • Food ingestion and breakdown happens in the mouth.
  • When foods are placed into the mouth, it is physically broken down by chewing.
  • When the food is mixed with saliva, which is released in response to mechanical pressure and psychic stimuli
  • salivary amylase begins starch digestion
  • no food absorption occurs in the mouth
65
Q

Activities occuring in the pharynx

A

-swallowing and food propulsion

66
Q

function of pharynx

A

pharynx functions in swallowing (deglutition)

67
Q

functions of esophagus

A

serves as passageways to the stomach

68
Q

___________________ causes the release of the hormone gastrin

A

Presence of food or rising pH

69
Q

Gastric juice is regulated by

A

neural and hormonal factor

70
Q

Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce

A

protein-digesting enzymes

mucus

HCL

71
Q

The acidic pH activates ______ to ______ for protein digestion

A

pepsinogen to pepsin

72
Q

acidic pH provides a _________ _______________ for microorganism

A

hostile environment

73
Q

protein digestive enzymes in the stomach

A
  • pepsin- an active protein-digesting enzyme

- rennin - works on digesting milk protein in infants

74
Q

Describe what happens in the stomach

A

Food breakdown occurs in the stomach.

Gastric juice is regulated by neural and hormonal factors

Presence of food or rising pH causes the release of the hormone gastrin

Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce protein-digesting enzymes, mucus and hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acids make the stomach contents very acidic which activates pepsinogen for protein digestion and provides a hostile environment for microorganisms

Enzymes such as pepsin and rennin will digest proteins

Alcohol and aspirin are virtually the only items absorbed in the stomach

Waves of peristalsis occur from the fundus to the pylorus, forcing food past the pyloric sphincter

The pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine

Peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing content back into the stomach.

75
Q

Hydrochloric acid makes the stomach contents very acidic which

A
  • activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion

- provides a hostile environment for microorganisms

76
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves of peristalsis occur from the fundus to the pylorus, forcing food past the pyloric sphincter

77
Q

Grinding

A

The pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine

78
Q

Retropulsion

A

Peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing content back into the stomach.

79
Q

Intestinal enzymes from the brush border function to

A

break double sugars into simple sugars

complete some protein digestion

80
Q

Alkaline content in the small intestine ______________________________.

A

neutralizes acidic chyme and provides the proper environment for the pancreatic enzymes to operate

81
Q

Describe what happens in the small intestine

A
  • Intestinal enzymes from brush border function to break double sugars into simple sugars. Complete some protein digestion.
  • Intestinal enzymes and pancreatic enzymes help to complete digestion of all food groups
  • Pancreatic enzymes play the major role in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
  • Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme and provides the proper environment for the pancreatic enzymes to operate
  • Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine
  • Most substances are absorbed by active transport through cell membranes
  • Lipids are absorbed by diffusion
  • Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein or lymph
82
Q

Are there any digestive enzymes produced in the large intestine ?

A

no

83
Q

Predict the effect on digestion if the pancreas is unable to make and release pancreatic juices ?

A

Pancreatic juices are rich in both enzymes and bicarbonate. Without the enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, starch digestion will be incomplete, about half of protein digestion will not occur, all of fat digestion will cease, and nucleic acid digestion will not occur. Bircarbonate-rich pancreatic juice helps neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach. Without the alkaline environment in the small intestine, enzymatic activity would not occur.

HumanBioSciences (20 decks)

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