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HumanBioSciences > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Main muscle functions

A
  1. produce movement of the skeleton : by pulling tendons attached to the bones
  2. Mantain posture and body position- even when we are not moving
  3. Support soft tissue
  4. Guard entrances and exits: in the form of sphincters
  5. Maintain body temperature
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2
Q

How do muscles maintain body temperature?

A

When contraction occurs, energy is used and converted to heat

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3
Q

Muscles are attached to at least two points of a bone :

A
  1. oRIGIN

2. Insertion

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4
Q

Origin

A

attachment to a immoveable bone

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5
Q

insertion

A

attachment to a movable bone

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6
Q

The muscle usually involved in a moving bone , will

A

cross over a joint and upon contraction it bring about a movement at the joint

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7
Q

The basic muscle types are found in the body

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
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8
Q

Cell shape and appearance of skeletal muscle

A

Single, very long, cyndrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations

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9
Q

Body location of skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bones or for some facial muscles to skin

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10
Q

Body location of cardiac muscle

A

walls of the heart

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11
Q

Cell shape and appearance of cardiac muscle

A

Branching chains of cells; uninucleate, striations; intercalated discs

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12
Q

Body location of smooth muscle

A

Mostly in walls of hollow visceral organs

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle must stimulated by

A

the central nervous system

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle help in

A

voluntary movement and therefore, skeletal muscles are subject to conscious control

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15
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A broad sheet of collagen fibers that connects muscles to each other

Similar to tendons, but do not connect to bone

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16
Q

What are tendons

A
  • Cordlike structures
  • Mostly collagen fibers
  • often cross a joint because of their toughness and small size
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17
Q

A tendon consists of 3 layers

A
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
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18
Q

Ligament

A

Short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint

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19
Q

Differences between tendon vs ligament

A

tendon attaches muscle to bone (sprain)

Ligaments- attach bone to bone (strain)

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20
Q

Smooth muscle - characteristics

A
  • lack striations
  • spindle-shaped cells
  • single nucleus
  • Involuntary- no conscious control
  • found mainly in the walls of hollow visceral organs such as stomach, urinary bladder , respiratory)
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21
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the

A

heart

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22
Q

Cardiac muscle cells communicate through

A

gap junctions, allowing all the fibers to work together

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23
Q

(cardiac muscle cells ) intercalated discs

A

which connect cells to other cells

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24
Q

(cardiac muscle cells ) Communicate through _____________________

A

gap junctions, allowing all the fibers to work together

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25
Q

Pacemaker

A

a small device that is placed in the chest or abdoment to help control heart rhythms

26
Q

Irritability

A

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

27
Q

Contractility

A

ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

28
Q

Extensibility

A

ability of muscle cells to be stretched

29
Q

Elasticity

A

ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

30
Q

heart conditions where impulses are irregular

A

Bradycardia and heart block

aRRHYTHMIAS

(PATIENT NEED PACEMAKER)

31
Q

muscle twitch

A

a single stimulus-contraction-relaxation cycle in a muscle fiber or whole muscle

32
Q

muscle twitch is represented by

A

a myogram

33
Q

myogram

A

a graphic representation of the phenomena

(as velocity and intensity) of muscular contractions

34
Q

The three phases of a muscle twitch

A
  • latent period
  • period of contraction
  • period of relaxation
35
Q

Latent period

A

first few msec after stimulus; Excited-contraction coupling taking place

36
Q

period of contraction

A

cross bridges from ; muscle shortens

37
Q

Period of relaxation

A

Ca2+ reabsorbed; muscle tension goes to zero

38
Q

Skeletal muscle must be stimulated by

A

a motor neuron to contract

39
Q

Motor unit

A

one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

40
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle

41
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals are released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse in the terminal

42
Q

__________ is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle

A

acetylcholine

43
Q

Graded responses

A

different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

44
Q

Graded responses can be produced by changing

A

The frequency of muscle stimulation

the number of muscle cells being stimulate at one time

45
Q

Primary function of muscle tone

A

stabilization of joints and posture

46
Q

If the nerve supply is destroyed,

A

the muscle loses tone, becomes paralyzed and undergoes atrophy

47
Q

Atrophy

A

Occurs in a muscle that is not regularly stimulated or nerve supply is cut off

Muscle becomes small and weak

48
Q

Effect of exercise on muscles

A
  • exercise increases muscle size and strength and endurance
  • makes body metabolism more efficient
  • improves digestion, coordination
49
Q

Action and remarks

brachialis

A

action - Prime mover, or agonist

remarks - the muscle that is chiefly responsible for producing a movement

50
Q

Action and remarks

triceps

A

action- antagonist

remarks- a muscle that opposes another muscle

51
Q

action and remarks

biceps

A

action- synergist

remarks: a muscle that helps the prime mover

52
Q

primary actions of prime mover, or agonist

A

the muscle that is chiefly responsible for producing a movement

53
Q

primary actions of antagonist

A

a muscle that opposes another muscle

54
Q

primary actions of synergist

A

A muscle that helps the prime mover

55
Q

(muscle actions across elbow) the _____ is the prime mover, the _______ is the antagonist, and the __________ is the synergist

A

brachialis, tricpes brachii , biceps brachii

56
Q

Axial Muscles

A

these are the muscles that have both their origins and insertions on parts of the axial skeleton

57
Q

Appendicular muscles

A
  • control the movements of the upper and lower limbs, and stabliize and control the movements if the pectoral and pelvic girdles
58
Q

Four effects of aging on skeletal muscle

A
  1. muscle fibers become smaller
  2. muscles become less elastic and more fibrous
  3. tolerance for exercise decreases due to a decrease in thermoregulation
  4. ability to recover from injury is reduced
59
Q

Thermoregulation

A
  • ability of smooth muscles of the blood vessel walls to dilate and contract allows good thermoregulation
60
Q

in older individuals due to aged muscles and poor elasticity of the smooth muscles, __________

A

the ability of blood vessels to constrict/ dilate is reduced, thus tolerance to temperature changes is decreased

HumanBioSciences (20 decks)

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