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HumanBioSciences > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the organs of the endocrine system produce ________________ called __________, which are involved in the regulation of other orgasn

A

chemical signals, hormones

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2
Q

endocrine system works closely with the ________________ to maintain ___________

A

nervous system, homeostasis

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3
Q

comparison of the nervous system and endocrine system (time of respond)

A

nervous system- faster to respond

endocrine system- response is slower

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4
Q

comparison of the nervous system and endocrine system ( action time)

A

nervous system - action lasts for short time

endocrine system- action last longer

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5
Q

comparison of the nervous system and endocrine system (targets)

A

nervous system- specific targets

endocrine system- multiple targets

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6
Q

comparison of the nervous system and endocrine system (involved)

A

nervous system- neurotransmitters are involved

endocrine system- hormones are involved

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7
Q

what hormones does hypothalamus produces

A

ADH, oxytocin and regulatory hormones

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8
Q

what hormones does pituitary gland produces

A

anterior lobe: ACT, TSH, GH, PRL

posterior lobe: release of ADH and oxytocin

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9
Q

what hormones does thyroid gland produces

A

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

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10
Q

what hormones does adrenal gland produces?

A

adrenal medulla: epinephrine , norepinephrine

adrenal cortex: cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens

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11
Q

what hormones does pancreas produces?

A

insulin

glucagon

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12
Q

what hormones does pineal gland produces

A

melatonin

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13
Q

what hormones does parathyroid glands produces

A

parathyroid hormone

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14
Q

organs with secondary endocrine functions

A
  • heart
  • thymus
  • adipose tissue
  • digestive tract
  • kidneys
  • gonads ( testes and ovaries)
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15
Q

kidneys secrets

A
  • erythropoietin hormones

- calcitriol

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16
Q

adipose tissue secretes

A

leptin

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17
Q

hormones are ______ _______. hormones are a means of

A

chemical signals , hormones are a means of communication between cells, between body parts and even between individual

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18
Q

hormones affect the _______ of cells that have _________________

A

metabolism, receptors to bind them

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19
Q

________ link between the nervous and endocrine systems is referred to as a ________________ organ

A

hypothalamus , neuroendocrine organ

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20
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

control body temperature and water-salt balance

control the secretions of the pituitary gland

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21
Q

what are the two portions of pituitary gland called

A

posterior and anterior pituitary

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22
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

stimulates the thyroid to make thyroid hormones

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23
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

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24
Q

gonadotropic hormones such as

A

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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25
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

A

stimulates the gonads to produce gametes and sex hormones

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26
Q

prolactin

A

produced only after childbirth and causes the mammary glands to produce milk

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27
Q

what are the different types of physiologic effects of thyroid hormones

A
  • calorigenic effect
  • growth
  • development
  • cardiovascular system
  • central nervous system
  • reproductive system
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28
Q

too little growth hormone in children

A

pituitary dwarfism

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29
Q

too much growth hormone in children

A

gigantism

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30
Q

too much growth hormone in adults

A

acromegaly

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31
Q

pancreas secretes

A

insulin and glucogen

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32
Q

neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus produce the hormones __________ and ____________.

A

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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33
Q

When blood is too concentrated, ________ is released from the posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic hormone

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34
Q

how does ADH dilute the blood,

A

when blood is concentrated, ADH is released from the posterior pituitary. ADH causes more water to be reabsorbed into kidney capillaries. As blood become dilute, ADH is no longer released.

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35
Q

function of oxytocin

A

causes uterine contractions during childbirth and milk letdown during breastfeeding

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36
Q

what is the illness that unable to produce ADH

A

diabetes insipidus

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37
Q

what is diabetes insipidus 1

A

it is the inability to produce ADH. Produce large amounts of urine, resulting in severe dehydration and loss of important ions. Can be corrected with administering ADH

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38
Q

A normal levels of thyroid hormone are essential to the development of _________ and ______________

A

fetal and neonatal brain

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39
Q

how does thyroid hormones affect the cardiovascular system?

A

Thyroid hormones increases heart rate, cardiac contractility and cardiac output. They also promote vasolidation (widening of blood vessels) , which leads to enhance blood flow to many organs

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40
Q

how does thyroid hormones affect the central nervous system?

A

both decreased and increased concentrations of thyroid hormones lead to alterations in mental state. Too little thyroid hormone, and the individual tends to feel mentally sluggish, while too much induces anxiety and nervousness.

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41
Q

how does thyroid hormones affect the reproductive system?

A

normal reproductive behaviour and physiology are dependent on having essentially normal levels of thyroid hormone.

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42
Q

___________ is commonly associated with infertility .

A

hypothyroidism

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43
Q

what is exophthalmic goiter

A

over secretion of thyroid hormone. thyroid is overactive and enlargers forming a goiter. Eyes protrude from edema in eye socket tissue.

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44
Q

symptoms of exophthalmic goiter?

A

hyperactivity, nervousness, irritability

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45
Q

treatment for exophthalmic goiter

A

surgical removal or destruction of a portion of the thyroid by radioactive iodine

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46
Q

cogenital hypothyroidism is also known as

A

cretinism

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47
Q

what is congenital hypothyroidism

A

underdeveloped thyroid at birth which leads to under secretion of thyroid hormone

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48
Q

what happens if thyroid hormone therapy is begun in the first 2 months of life

A

the baby will experience intellectual disability results

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49
Q

what is myxedema

A

hypothroidisim in adults

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50
Q

symptoms of myxedema

A

hypothyroidism in adults

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51
Q

symptoms of myxedema

A

lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, slower pulse, cold intolerance, lowered body temperature

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52
Q

when is calcitonin secreterd

A

when blood calcium levels rise

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53
Q

What happens if calcitonin is secreted ?

A

brings about the deposition of calcium into the bones, and reduces the activity and number of osteoclasts. when blood calcium levels lower to normal, the release of calcitonin is inhibited

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54
Q

Parathyroid hormone is produced by the

A

parathyroid glands

55
Q

when is parathyroid hormones released?

A

in response to low blood calcium levels.

56
Q

what happens if parathyroid hormone is secreted

?

A

promotes the activity of osteoclasts, which remove calcium from the bones. activates vitamin D (calcitrol), which promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and stimulates absorption of calcium ions from food. These effects bring the blood calcium level back to the normal range, and PTH secretion stops.

57
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism?

A

insufficient PTH production. causes a dramatic drop in blood calcium, followed by excessive nerve excitability. Increased nerve signals cause tetany- continuous muscle contraction. Without treatment, causes seizures, heart failure, and death.

58
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism

A

over secretion of PTH.

59
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

over secretion of PTH. can result in osteoporosis because of continuous calcium release from the bones. may also cause kidney stones.

60
Q

adrenal glands consists of

A

adrenal medulla and an outer cortex

61
Q

describe the response of the adrenal medulla to stress

A

the hypothalamus sends signals that travel through preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to the adrenal medulla to stimulate it to secrete its hormones. epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) bring about changes that occur during a fight-or-flight response, a short term response to stress.

62
Q

major types of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A
  • glucocorticoids

- mineralcorticoids

63
Q

adrenal cortex also secretes a small amount of _________

A

male and female sex hormones

64
Q

glucocorticoids secretion is controlled by

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

65
Q

examples of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone

66
Q

functions of glucocorticoids

A

regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

raise the blood glucose level

active in stress response and the repair of damaged tissues

relieve swelling and pain from inflammation.

67
Q

functions of mineralocorticoids

A

regulate ion balance in the body

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

68
Q

describe how mineralocorticoids regulate blood pressure in the body

A

mineralcorticoids targets the kidney, where it promotes absorption of Na+ and excretion of K+.

Renin secreted by the kidneys when blood Na+ levels and blood pressure are low.

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1

69
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones

70
Q

estrogen

A

female sex hormones

71
Q

estradiol

A

a form of estrogen

72
Q

the primary androgen is _________________ which is a precursor for ______________.

A

dehydroepiandrosterone, testosteron

73
Q

what is an addison disease ?

A

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids

74
Q

without glucocorticoids, __________ cannot be replenished in a stressful situation.

A

glucose

75
Q

what is a cushing syndrome ?

A

over secretion of glucocorticoids

76
Q

Excess glucocorticoids cause

A

muscle protein to be broken down and fat to be deposited in the midsection

77
Q

steroidal medications are used as

A

anti-inflammatory drugs to treat medical conditions such as asthma, multiple sclerosis.

78
Q

exocrine tissue of pancreas is called

A

pancreatic islets

79
Q

exocrine tissue of pancreas secretes

A

digestive enzymes

80
Q

alpha cells of pancreas secretes

A

glucagon

81
Q

beta cells of pancreas secretes

A

insulin

82
Q

delta cells of pancreas

A

somatostatin

83
Q

delta cells of pancreas regulate

A

the digestive processes

84
Q

is pancreas under pituitary control or no

A

no, pancreas responds directly to changes in blood glucose levels

85
Q

when is insulin secreted

A

secreted when blood glucose levels are high (after eating)

86
Q

insulin stimulates the

A

uptake of glucose by cells, especially liver cells, muscle cells and adipose tissue.

87
Q

Glucagon is secreted when

A

blood glucose levels are low

88
Q

glucagon stimulate the liver to

A

break down glycogen to glucose

89
Q

glucagon promotes the use of

A

fat and protein in preference to glucose as energy sources

90
Q

adipose cells break down ______ to ______ and______

A

fat, glycerol and fatty acids

91
Q

liver take _______ and ______ and uses them toe make glucose

A

fatty acids and glycerol

92
Q

significance of insulin

A

insulin is the only hormone in the body that decreases the blood sugar levels.

93
Q

diabetes mellitus is due to either

A

hyposecretion of insulin or decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors

94
Q

symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A 
hyperglycemia 
glycosuria
polyuria 
polyphagia 
polydipsia 
fatigue and weight loss
95
Q

hyperglycemia

A

excess glucose in the blood

96
Q

glycosuria

A

glucose is excreted in the urine

97
Q

polyuria

A

diabetic urinate frequently

98
Q

polydipsia

A

drinks a lot of water as feels thirsty always

99
Q

gonads

A

the male testes and female ovaries

100
Q

where is thymus located at?

A

beneath the sternum

101
Q

thymosis causes ______ to mature

A

lymphocytes

102
Q

pineal gland is located in the?

A

brain

103
Q

the function of pineal gland

A

produces melatonin, primarily at night.

regulates the daily sleep-wake cycle. we get sleepy at night when melatonin levels increase and awaken once daylight returns and melatonin levels are low

regulates sexual development

104
Q

function of erythropoietin

A

secreted by the kidneys in response to a low oxygen blood level

105
Q

function of leptin

A

acts on hypothalamus; it signals satiety (fullness). obese people may have plenty, but it may be defective or they may not have enough receptors

106
Q

leptins are produced by

A

adipose tissue

107
Q

prostaglandins are made from

A

arachidonate, a fatty acid

108
Q

the function of prostaglandins in the uterus

A

cause muscles to contract

cramps

109
Q

the function of prostaglandins on the stomach

A

reduce gastric secretion, so treat gastric reflux

110
Q

prostaglandins inhibit_______ ________ so prevent

A

platelet aggregation, thrombosis

111
Q

prostaglandins lowers ________ so treat __________

A

blood pressure, hypertension

112
Q

_______ is the most important os the mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

113
Q

function of mineralocorticoids

A

regulate ion balances in the body

114
Q

where are minerolocorticoids primary produced?

A

zona glomerulosa

115
Q

is the secretion of mineralocorticoids controlled by the anterior pituitary?

A

no

116
Q

what are the function of aldosterone

A

aldosterone primarily targets the kidney, where it promotes renal absorption of sodium ions and renal excretion of potassium ions

117
Q

what happens during renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

when the blood sodium level and pressure are low, the kidneys secrete renin. renin is an enzyme that converts the plama protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. angiotensin I is changed to angiotensin II by converting enzyme found in lung capillaries. angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

118
Q

what is reabsorption

A

water enters kidney capillaries and thus the blood.

119
Q

a low blood calcium level stimulates the release of

A

PTH (parathyroid hromone)

120
Q

what is the function of PTH

A

causes blood calcium level to increase

activates vitamin D

121
Q

what happens when there is a low blood calcium level

A

low blood calcium level stimulates the release of PTH, which promotes the activity of osteoclasts and the release of calcium from bones

122
Q

hypoparathyroidism causes a ________ in _______ followed by excessive _____________

A

nerve excitability

123
Q

oversecretion of PTH can result in

A

osteoporosis because of calcium release from the bones

124
Q

hormones produced by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

125
Q

A cells of pancreas are responsible for the

A

secretion of hormone glucagon,

126
Q

B cells of pancreas are responsible for

A

secretion of insulin

127
Q

D cells of pancreas are responsible for the release of

A

somatostatin

128
Q

what is somatostatin

A

hormone that is released at the same time as insulin to regulate the digestive processess

129
Q

effect of insulin on human body

A
  • uptake of glucose by cells
  • increased synthesis of fat
  • increased secretion of digestive enzymes
130
Q

glucocorticoids regulate

A

carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism

131
Q

when blood sodium levels and bp are low , the kidneys secrete ________ which leads to the release of _____- from the adrenal cortex

A

renin ,aldosterone

132
Q

explain how glucocorticoids raise the blood glucose level

A
  • they promote the breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids , taken up by the liver from the bloodstream. the liver then converts these excess amino acids to glucose, which enters the bloodstream.
  • they promote the metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates and this spares glucose
133
Q

chemical signals that influence the behaviour of other individuals are called

A

pheromones

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