Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HumanBioSciences > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. transportation of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, hormones and body heat
  2. Defense against invasion by pathogens
  3. Protects against fluid loss by clotting
  4. Regulatory functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

regulatory functions

A
  • transports body temperature
  • proteins dissolved in the plasma maintain osmotic pressure
  • Buffers present in blood regulate pH, keeping it constant 7.4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Composition of blood

A

plasma (55%) + formed elements(45%) = blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

formed elements

A
  • red blood cells/ erythrocytes
  • white blood cells/ leukocytes
  • platelets/thrombocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

red blood cell

A

erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Plasma is made up of

A
  • water (91%)
  • proteins (7%)
  • other solutes (2%) : nutrients, wastes, hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three major types of plasma proteins

A

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Solutes in plasma help ____

A

maintain the osmotic pressure of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Plasma proteins are produce by

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasma proteins create ________ on the blood

A

create osmotic pressure on the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Albumins

A
  • contribute to osmotic pressure more than others

- transport molecules in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Globulins

A
  • some transport substances in the blood

- others such as gamma globulins, fight pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fibrinogen

A

inactive; when activates forms blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Erythrocytes function

A

To carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Shape of RBC

A

Biconcave in shape which allows them to squeeze through small capillaries and allow for maximum surface area for gas diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

RBC has no nucleus + no organelles in the cytoplasm

A

Anucleate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

RBC contain ____ _____

A

protein haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The _____ portion of Hb binds up to four oxygens

A

heme / iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Haemoglobin is a _____- containing proteins that binds oxygens

A

iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When bound to oxygen , HB is called ______

A

oxyhaemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When oxygen leaves Hb in the tissues, it is called ______

A

deoxyhaemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Production of red blood cells occurs in

A

red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Without a nucleus in RBC,

A

can’t make proteins for cell repair, therefore RBC only live up about 120 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Old, worn out RBCs are removed from circulation by

A

macrophages in the liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name of hormone produce for the production of red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

process of red blood cell production

A

A hormone produced by the kidneys called erythropoietin when oxygen levels of the blood are low will stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is leukocytes produced

A

red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Production of leukocytes is regulated by

A

colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

Fight infection and form an important part of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Granulocytes and examples

A
  • contain noticeable granules, lobed nuclei

Neutrophils, Eosinophils. Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Agranulocytes and examples

A

-No granules, non-lobular nuclei

  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Have multilobed nucleus
  • First responders to baterial infections
  • Engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
  • able to leave the blood stream -> are found in interstitial fluid and lymph
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Eosinophils

A

-have a bi lobed nucleus and may large granule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Basophils

A
  • have u shaped of lobed nucleus

- in connective tissues basophils and mast cells release histamine during allergic reactions

41
Q

during allergic reaction what is being released?

A

-in connective tissues basophils and mast cells release histamine during allergic reactions

42
Q

two types of Lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

43
Q

B cells

A

when mature, produce antibodies, which mark a pathogen for destruction

44
Q

T cells

A

directly destory pathogens

45
Q

pathogens

A

a bacterium or virus or other microrganisms that can cause disease

46
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest of the WBCs

-In tissues, develop into even larger macophages, which engulf pathogens, old cells and debris

47
Q

Macrophages

A

type of phagocyte, responsible for detecting and engulfing & destroying pathogens

48
Q

Phagocytes

A

cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles , bacteria and dead or dying cells

49
Q

Thrombocytes results from

A

fragmentation of large cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow

50
Q

Platelets are essential for

A

blood clotting (coagulation)

51
Q

blood clotting

A

haemostasis

52
Q

haemostasis

A

blood clotting/ stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in blood vessel

53
Q

why is haemostasis important

A

it is important so that plasma and formed elements don’t leak out of broken vessels

54
Q

what participates in clot formation ?

A

13 different clotting factors, calcium ions, enzymes

55
Q

When a vessel breaks____,

A

platelets clump to partially seal it

56
Q

clotting factor

A

prothrombin activator

57
Q

prothrombin activator (haemostasis)

A

converts prothrombin to thrombin

58
Q

what releases prothrombin activator

A

Platelets and injured tissues release a factor called prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin to thrombin

59
Q

______ ions are required to release prothrombin activator

A

calcium

60
Q

Three phases of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
61
Q

Vascular spasms

A

Smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction.
Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm.
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

62
Q

Describe the process of Platelet plug formation

A

Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibres

Platelets become sticky and cling to fibers

Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets

Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug (white thrombus)

63
Q

platelet plug

A

white thrombus

64
Q

What happens in the Coagulation process

A

Clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissues cells interact with CA2+ to form thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin

fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets , forming the clot

within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts

Serum is plasma minus clotting proteins

65
Q

Blood types are determined by

A

the presence or absence of two antigens, type A and type B on the surface of RBC.

66
Q

Blood transfusion

A

transfer of blood from one person to another

67
Q

agglutination

A

clumping

68
Q

to prevent agglutination

A

need to make sure blood types are compatible

69
Q

Antigen

A

a foreign substance, often a glycoprotein, that stimulates an immune response

70
Q

type A blood has _____ antigen

A

the A antigen

71
Q

type B blood has ____ antigen

A

B

72
Q

type AB has _____ antigens

A

A and B

73
Q

Type O had _____ antigen

A

neither

74
Q

Rh positive notation indicates ______

A

the presence of the Rh antigen

75
Q

Rh negative indicates

A

the absence of Rh antigen

76
Q

Type A blood has ____ surface antigens and plasma has _____

A

type A surface antigen, anti-B antibodies

77
Q

Type B blood has ____ surface antigens and plasma has _______

A

type B surface antigen, anti- A antibodies

78
Q

Type AB have ______ surface antigens and plasma has

A

type A and type B surface antigens, neither anti-A and anti-B antibodies

79
Q

Type O has _______ surface antigens and plasma has _______

A

neither type A or B surface antigen , plasma has both anti- A and anti-B antibodies

80
Q

Antibodies are ________

A

specific and bind only to the antigen they are made for

81
Q

How agglutination occur

A

During blood transfusion, if antibodies in the recipient’s plasma bind to antigens on the surface of donated RBC, agglutination occurs

82
Q

Universal donor

A

type O

83
Q

universal recipient

A

type AB

84
Q

cross-matching

A

testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum and vice versa

85
Q

anti-D

A

anti-Rh

86
Q

Anemia

A

too few RBCs or too little Hb

87
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

Inadequate intake of dietary iron, so can’t make Hb

88
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

lack of vitamin B12, which is needed to make RBCs

89
Q

Folic-acid-deficiency anemia

A

need folic acid to make RBCs

90
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

too much hemolysis (rupturing of the RBCs)

91
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

genetic disease that causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped and prone to rupture

92
Q

Disorders of the white blood cells

A
  • Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
  • Leukemia
  • Infectious mononucleosis
93
Q

SCID

A

an inherited disease in which lymphocytes don’t develop

94
Q

Leukemia

A

a group of cancers in which WBCs proliferate without control

Most of the WBCs are abnormal, so don’t function well

95
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects lymphocytes, resulting in fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes

96
Q

Disorders relating to blood clotting

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Thromboembolism
  • Hemophilia
97
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

too few platelets due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or the increased breakdown outside the marrow. Can be caused by leukemia or drugs .

Symptoms: excess bleeding

98
Q

Thromboembolism

A

when a thrombus forms, travels (embolism) and plugs another vessel

99
Q

Hemophilia

A

genetic defiency of a clotting factor. Unable to form clots

HumanBioSciences (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions