Skeletal system notes

Question 1

skeletal system includes

Answer 1

bones of the skeleton, cartilages, ligaments and connective tissues `

Question 2

Main functions of the skeletal system

Answer 2

1. The bones of the skeleton provide support for the body and also protects the organs found within it
2. Bones are the storage form of calcium. Lipids are stores in yellow marrow for energy reserves
3. Blood cell production. Occurs in the red marrow and results in the increase in RBC, WBC and platelets
4. Movements . Bones functions as levers. When the skeletal muscles pull on the bones, movement occurs

Question 3

example of a long bone

Answer 3

humerus

Question 4

example fo a short bone

Answer 4

carpal bones

Question 5

example of a flat bone

Answer 5

skull bone

Question 6

example of an irregular bone

Answer 6

vertebra

Question 7

Types of bone tissue

Answer 7

compact and spongy

Question 8

Compact bone

Answer 8

densely packed: forms the diaphysis

Question 9

Spongy bone

Answer 9

also called cancellous bone

has projections of bone separated by space

Question 10

Type of bone cells

Answer 10

• Osteocytes
• Osteoclasts
• Osteoblasts

Question 11

Osteocytes

Answer 11

• Mature cells that maintain bone structure by recycling calcium salts

Question 12

Osteoclasts

Answer 12

• large cells that secrete acid and enzymes that break down the matrix

Question 13

Osteoblasts

Answer 13

• Produce bone through a process called ossification

Question 14

type of Bone formation

Answer 14

• Osteogenesis
• Ossification
• Osteolysis

Question 15

Osteogenesis

Answer 15

• the process of bone formation

Question 16

Ossification

Answer 16

the process of replacing other tissues with bone. Seen in growing foetus

Question 17

Osteolysis

Answer 17

the process of breaking down of bone tissue by cells known as osteoclasts

Question 18

identify the four general shapes of bone

Answer 18

long,short, flat and irregular

Question 19

two types of ossification

Answer 19

endochondral ossification

Intramembranous ossification

Question 20

endochondral ossification

Answer 20

long bones formed by this method.

Question 21

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 21

flat bones formed by this method.

Question 22

Bone growth requirement

Answer 22

• mineral supply
• vitamin D3
• vitamin A and vitamin C
• growth hormone, sex hormones, thyroid hormone and the calcium-balancing hormones

Question 23

In adults: bone continually _________, _______, and___________

Answer 23

remodels, recycles and replaces

Question 24

Types of fracture

Answer 24

closed (simple) fractures

open (compound) fractures

Question 25

closed fractures

Answer 25

completely internal

can be seen only on xrays

Question 26

open fractures

Answer 26

project through the skin

more dangerous due to risk of infection

Question 27

Four steps to repair fractures

Answer 27

1. fracture hematoma, formation of blood clot
2. external callus and internal callus formation
3. Osteoblasts replace cartilage with spongy bone
4. spongy bone is replaced by compact bone

Question 28

Osteopenia

Answer 28

inadequate ossification that naturally occurs as part of the aging process

Question 29

Osteoporosis

Answer 29

loss of bone mass that impairs normal function and can lead to more fractures

Question 30

Why is osteoporosis more common in older woman that in older men

Answer 30

Osteoporosis is more common in older women, due to the decline in circulation estrogens after menopause .

Question 31

Axial skeleton includes

Answer 31

the skull and associated bone

the throacic cage with the ribs and sternum

the vertebral column

Question 32

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 32

the pectoral girdle and the upper limbs

the pelvic girdle and the lower limbs

Question 33

function of the axial skeleton

Answer 33

• framework for support and protection of the brain, spinal cord, and organs in the ventral body cavity
• provides surface area for attachment of muscles that perform respiration, stabilize elements of the appendicular skeleton

Question 34

SKull

Answer 34

houses the brain and sense organs for sight, smell, taste and balance

Question 35

the hyoid bone serves as attachment for ?

Answer 35

for muscles of the larynx, the tongue and the pharynx