Urinary System Flashcards
urea
the major waste product of protein metabolism
kidneys
organs that filter blood to remove waste products and excess water
renal
pertaining to the kidneys
renal cortex
outer region of the kidney that contains nephrons
medulla
inner region of the kidney containing most of the urine collecting tubules
nephrons
where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion
glomerulus
a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the bowman’s capsule and a renal tubule
renal artery
where blood enters the kidney and flows into the nephrons
renal vein
where the filtered blood that is leaving the kidneys returns to the blood stream
rena pelvis
funnel shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla - where newly formed urine collects before flowing into ureters
ureters
2 narrow tubes which transport urine from kidney to bladder
ureteral orifices
where urine drains from the ureters into bladder - located in the wall of the bladder
bladder
oval hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine
urethra
tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body
urethral meatus
external opening of the urethra
urination
normal process of excreting urine
nephrologist
physician specializing in dx-ing and tx-ing diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
nephropathy
any disease of the kidney
renal failure
inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions
azotemia
elevation of the blood eras nitrogen caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney
uremia
toxic condition from renal failure and urea and other waste products are retained in the blood
acute renal failure
sudden onset and is characterized by uremia - caused by kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or sudden drop in blood volume or pressure
chronic kidney disease
progressive loss of renal function
end-stage renal disease
final stage of chronic kidney disease
nephrotic syndrome
group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine - usually caused by damage to the glomeruli results in low levels of protein the the blood
edema
excessive fluid accumulation in body tissue
hyperproteinuria
abnormal high concentration of protein in the urine
hypoproteinemia
abnormal low concentration of protein in the urine
hydeonephrosis
dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney or kidneys - most common causes are toxins, infection or autoimmune disease
glomerulonephritis
type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
nephroptosis
the prolapse or drooping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when a pt stands
nephropyosis
suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney
polycystic kidney disease
genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid filled cysts in kidneys, reducing kidney function and leading to kidney failure
renal colic
acute pain the in kidney area caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone
Wilms tumor
rate type of malignant rumor of kidney that occurs in kids
stone
abnormal mineral deposit formed in the body and named for where it is located
nephrolithiasis
presence of stones in the kidney
nephrolith
kidney stone
ureterolith
stone located anywhere in the ureter
cystolith
stone located in bladder
hydroureter
swelling of the ureter with urine that can’t flow b/c the ureter is blocked - always accompanies hydronephrosis
ureterectasis
distention of a ureter dur to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities
ureterorrhagia
discharge of blood from the ureter
cystalgia
pain the in the bladder
cystocele
aka prolapsed bladder - hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder but do not respond to traditional treatment
vesicoureteral reflux
backward flow of urine into ureters from the bladder - most common in infants and kids
vesicovaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows contains involuntary flow of urine from bladder into vagina
neurogenic bladder
urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination - can cause bladder to empty spontaneously, prevent bladder from emptying at all or fully
benign prostatic hyperplasia
aka enlarged prostate - enlargement of prostate gland that occurs in men 50 or older - makes urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract issues
prostatism
disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to enlarged prostate
prostatitis
groups of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland
urethrorrhagia
bleeding from the urethra
urethrorrhea
abnormal discharge from the urethra
urethrostenosis
narrowing of the urethra, almost exclusively in men and caused by scarring from infection or injury
epispadias
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
males - opening is on upper surface of penis
females- in the region of the clitoris
hypospadias
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
males - opening is on ventral (underside) surface of penis
females- opens into vagina
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
anuria
absence of urination formation by kidneys
diuresis
increased output of urine
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
nocturnal enuresis
urinary incontinence during sleep
nocturia
frequent and excessive urination during the night
oliguria
scanty urination due to dehydration, renal failure or urinary tract obstruction
polyuria
excessive urination - common diabetes symptom
urinary hesitancy
difficulty in starting a urine stream
urinary retention
inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate
urinary incontinence
inability to control the voiding of urine
overflow incontinence
continuous leaking from the bladder either b/c its full or b/c it doesn’t empty completely
stress incontinence
inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress - e.g running, lifting, sneezing, laughing or coughing
overactive bladder
muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not full enough
urinalysis
examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
voiding cystourethrography
diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and thru the urethra
computed tomography
CT Scan
glomerular filtration rate
blood test to check how well kidneys are functioning at filtering blood
cystography
x-ray exam of bladder with contrast
intravenous pyelography
radiographic study of kidneys and ureters with contract to dx changes in urinary tract
KUB
radiographic study without contrast to detect bowel obstructions and kidney stones - stands for Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder but doesn’t show ureters
retrograde urography
radiograph of urinary system taken after contrast placed in urethra and caused flow upward through urinary tract
digital rectal examination
finger in rectum to palpate prostate gland to check for enlargement or tumors
prostate-specific antigen blood test
used to screen from prostate cancer - higher the PSA level the likelier of cancer
diuretics
medications to increase urine secretion to rid body of excess water and salt
dialysis
procedure to remove waste products from the blood of pt without functioning kidneys
hemodialysis
waste products are filtered directly from the patients blood - most common type of dialysis
peritoneal dialysis
dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
nephrolysis
surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
nephropexy
surgical fixation of a floating kidney (nephroptosis)
nephrostomy
placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
pyelotomy
surgical incision into the renal pelvis - performed to correct obstructions
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
destruction of kidney stones using high energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel - most common tx
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
surgical removal of a nephrolith thru a small incision in the back
ill consuit
use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
lithotomy
surgical incision for the removal of a a nephrolith from the bladders - not common but name is used for physical exam position involving the pelvis and lower abdomen
urinary catherization
performed to withdraw for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely or to place a fluid sac such as chemo into bladder
indwelling catheter
remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need
urethral catherization
performed by inserting a plastic tube (catheter) thru the urethra and into bladder
suprapubic catherization
placement of catheter into the bladder thru a small incision in abdomen wall above pubic bone
Foley catheter
most common type of indwelling catheter
intermittent catheter
inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from bladder
meatotomy
surgical incision made in the urethra meatus to enlarge the opening
urethrotomy
surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
ablation
term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer - involves removal of a body part or the destruction of its function they use of sx, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods
transurethral prostatectomy
removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope -TURP
retrograde ejaculation
seamen that flows backward into bladder during orgasm
