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Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

urea

A

the major waste product of protein metabolism

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2
Q

kidneys

A

organs that filter blood to remove waste products and excess water

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3
Q

renal

A

pertaining to the kidneys

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4
Q

renal cortex

A

outer region of the kidney that contains nephrons

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5
Q

medulla

A

inner region of the kidney containing most of the urine collecting tubules

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6
Q

nephrons

A

where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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7
Q

glomerulus

A

a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the bowman’s capsule and a renal tubule

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8
Q

renal artery

A

where blood enters the kidney and flows into the nephrons

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9
Q

renal vein

A

where the filtered blood that is leaving the kidneys returns to the blood stream

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10
Q

rena pelvis

A

funnel shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla - where newly formed urine collects before flowing into ureters

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11
Q

ureters

A

2 narrow tubes which transport urine from kidney to bladder

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12
Q

ureteral orifices

A

where urine drains from the ureters into bladder - located in the wall of the bladder

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13
Q

bladder

A

oval hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine

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14
Q

urethra

A

tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

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15
Q

urethral meatus

A

external opening of the urethra

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16
Q

urination

A

normal process of excreting urine

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17
Q

nephrologist

A

physician specializing in dx-ing and tx-ing diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

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18
Q

nephropathy

A

any disease of the kidney

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19
Q

renal failure

A

inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions

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20
Q

azotemia

A

elevation of the blood eras nitrogen caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney

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21
Q

uremia

A

toxic condition from renal failure and urea and other waste products are retained in the blood

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22
Q

acute renal failure

A

sudden onset and is characterized by uremia - caused by kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or sudden drop in blood volume or pressure

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23
Q

chronic kidney disease

A

progressive loss of renal function

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24
Q

end-stage renal disease

A

final stage of chronic kidney disease

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25
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine - usually caused by damage to the glomeruli results in low levels of protein the the blood

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26
Q

edema

A

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissue

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27
Q

hyperproteinuria

A

abnormal high concentration of protein in the urine

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28
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

abnormal low concentration of protein in the urine

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29
Q

hydeonephrosis

A

dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys

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30
Q

nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney or kidneys - most common causes are toxins, infection or autoimmune disease

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31
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

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32
Q

nephroptosis

A

the prolapse or drooping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when a pt stands

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33
Q

nephropyosis

A

suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney

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34
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid filled cysts in kidneys, reducing kidney function and leading to kidney failure

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35
Q

renal colic

A

acute pain the in kidney area caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone

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36
Q

Wilms tumor

A

rate type of malignant rumor of kidney that occurs in kids

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37
Q

stone

A

abnormal mineral deposit formed in the body and named for where it is located

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38
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

presence of stones in the kidney

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39
Q

nephrolith

A

kidney stone

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40
Q

ureterolith

A

stone located anywhere in the ureter

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41
Q

cystolith

A

stone located in bladder

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42
Q

hydroureter

A

swelling of the ureter with urine that can’t flow b/c the ureter is blocked - always accompanies hydronephrosis

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43
Q

ureterectasis

A

distention of a ureter dur to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities

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44
Q

ureterorrhagia

A

discharge of blood from the ureter

45
Q

cystalgia

A

pain the in the bladder

46
Q

cystocele

A

aka prolapsed bladder - hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

47
Q

interstitial cystitis

A

chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder but do not respond to traditional treatment

48
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

backward flow of urine into ureters from the bladder - most common in infants and kids

49
Q

vesicovaginal fistula

A

abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows contains involuntary flow of urine from bladder into vagina

50
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination - can cause bladder to empty spontaneously, prevent bladder from emptying at all or fully

51
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

aka enlarged prostate - enlargement of prostate gland that occurs in men 50 or older - makes urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract issues

52
Q

prostatism

A

disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to enlarged prostate

53
Q

prostatitis

A

groups of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland

54
Q

urethrorrhagia

A

bleeding from the urethra

55
Q

urethrorrhea

A

abnormal discharge from the urethra

56
Q

urethrostenosis

A

narrowing of the urethra, almost exclusively in men and caused by scarring from infection or injury

57
Q

epispadias

A

congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
males - opening is on upper surface of penis
females- in the region of the clitoris

58
Q

hypospadias

A

congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
males - opening is on ventral (underside) surface of penis
females- opens into vagina

59
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

60
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney

61
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra

62
Q

anuria

A

absence of urination formation by kidneys

63
Q

diuresis

A

increased output of urine

64
Q

dysuria

A

difficult or painful urination

65
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary discharge of urine

66
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

urinary incontinence during sleep

67
Q

nocturia

A

frequent and excessive urination during the night

68
Q

oliguria

A

scanty urination due to dehydration, renal failure or urinary tract obstruction

69
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination - common diabetes symptom

70
Q

urinary hesitancy

A

difficulty in starting a urine stream

71
Q

urinary retention

A

inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate

72
Q

urinary incontinence

A

inability to control the voiding of urine

73
Q

overflow incontinence

A

continuous leaking from the bladder either b/c its full or b/c it doesn’t empty completely

74
Q

stress incontinence

A

inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress - e.g running, lifting, sneezing, laughing or coughing

75
Q

overactive bladder

A

muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not full enough

76
Q

urinalysis

A

examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

77
Q

voiding cystourethrography

A

diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and thru the urethra

78
Q

computed tomography

A

CT Scan

79
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

blood test to check how well kidneys are functioning at filtering blood

80
Q

cystography

A

x-ray exam of bladder with contrast

81
Q

intravenous pyelography

A

radiographic study of kidneys and ureters with contract to dx changes in urinary tract

82
Q

KUB

A

radiographic study without contrast to detect bowel obstructions and kidney stones - stands for Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder but doesn’t show ureters

83
Q

retrograde urography

A

radiograph of urinary system taken after contrast placed in urethra and caused flow upward through urinary tract

84
Q

digital rectal examination

A

finger in rectum to palpate prostate gland to check for enlargement or tumors

85
Q

prostate-specific antigen blood test

A

used to screen from prostate cancer - higher the PSA level the likelier of cancer

86
Q

diuretics

A

medications to increase urine secretion to rid body of excess water and salt

87
Q

dialysis

A

procedure to remove waste products from the blood of pt without functioning kidneys

88
Q

hemodialysis

A

waste products are filtered directly from the patients blood - most common type of dialysis

89
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

90
Q

nephrolysis

A

surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

91
Q

nephropexy

A

surgical fixation of a floating kidney (nephroptosis)

92
Q

nephrostomy

A

placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

93
Q

pyelotomy

A

surgical incision into the renal pelvis - performed to correct obstructions

94
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

A

destruction of kidney stones using high energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel - most common tx

95
Q

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

surgical removal of a nephrolith thru a small incision in the back

96
Q

ill consuit

A

use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

97
Q

lithotomy

A

surgical incision for the removal of a a nephrolith from the bladders - not common but name is used for physical exam position involving the pelvis and lower abdomen

98
Q

urinary catherization

A

performed to withdraw for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely or to place a fluid sac such as chemo into bladder

99
Q

indwelling catheter

A

remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need

100
Q

urethral catherization

A

performed by inserting a plastic tube (catheter) thru the urethra and into bladder

101
Q

suprapubic catherization

A

placement of catheter into the bladder thru a small incision in abdomen wall above pubic bone

102
Q

Foley catheter

A

most common type of indwelling catheter

103
Q

intermittent catheter

A

inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from bladder

104
Q

meatotomy

A

surgical incision made in the urethra meatus to enlarge the opening

105
Q

urethrotomy

A

surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

106
Q

ablation

A

term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer - involves removal of a body part or the destruction of its function they use of sx, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods

107
Q

transurethral prostatectomy

A

removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope -TURP

108
Q

retrograde ejaculation

A

seamen that flows backward into bladder during orgasm

Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. (16 decks)

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