Human Body Intro Flashcards
word root
contains the basic meaning of the term, usually indicates involved body parts
suffix
usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder or disease
prefix
usually indicates location, time, number, or status
fissure
groove or crack-like sore of the skin
or
mortal folds in the contours of the brain
fistula
abnormal passage, usually between 2 internal organs or leasing from an organ to surface of body
exudate
fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound
lesion
pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
palpation
exam technique in which the examiner’s hands are used to feel texture, size, consistency and location of certain body parts
palpitation
pounding or racing heart
supination
act of rotating arm fo palms are forward or upward
suppuration
formation or discharge of pus
anatomy
study of structure of the body
physiology
study of the functions of the structures of the body
anatomic position
describes the body standing in a standard position
vertical plane
up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL left and right portions
midsagittal plane
AKA midline
sagittal plane hat divides the body into EQUAL left and right portions
frontal plane
vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior potions
horizontal plane
flat, crosswise plane
transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions at any level across the body
ventral
refers to the front or belly side of an organ or body
dorsal
refers to the back of an organ or body
anterior
situated in the front or front/forward part of an organ
posterior
situated in the back, or back of an organ
superior
uppermost, above or toward the head
inferior
lowermost, below or toward the feet
cephalic
toward the head
caudal
toward the lower part of the body
proximal
nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
distal
farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
medial
the direction toward or nearer the midline
lateral
the direction toward, or nearer the side of the body, away from the midline
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is made up of cranial and spinal cavities
cranial cavity
located within the skull- surrounds and protects the brain
spinal cavity
within spinal column- surrounds and protects the spinal cord
ventral cavity
along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
homeostasis
process thru which body maintains a constant internal environment
thoracic cavity
surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of digestion
pelvic cavity
space formed by the hip bones and contains reproductive and excretory system organs
inguinal
relating to the groin
right and left hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs
epigastric region
located above the stomach
right and left lumbar regions
located near the inward curve of the spine
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus
right and left iliac regions
located near the hip bones
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects that holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
outer layer of the peritoneum that lilies the interior of the abdominal wall
mesentery
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
visceral peritoneum
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
behind the peritoneum
genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
chromosome
genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell- made up of DNA molecules containing body’s genes
tissue
group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
epithelial tissue
forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs
connective tissues
support and connect organs and other body tissues
dense connective tissues
bones and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
adipose tissue
aka fat - provides protective padding, insulation and support
loose connective tissue
surrounds organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
liquid connective tissue
blood and lymph - transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
aplasia
defective development or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue
hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
anaplasia
change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other - characteristic of tumor formation in cancers
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs
hyperplasia
enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
hypertrophy
general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size but not in the number of cells in the tissues
gland
group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts - secreted directly into the bloodstream
pathology
study of disease
etiology
study of the causes of disease
pathogen
disease-producing microorganism eg virus
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
indirect contact transmission
situation in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
bloodborne transmission
spread of disease through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluid
droplet transmission
spread of disease through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing
airborne transmission
occurs thru contact with germs floating in air
vector-borne tranmission
spread of disease through a vector, aka insect or animal
epidemiologist
specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
endemic
ongoing presence of a disease with a population
epidemic
sudden and wide-spread outbreak of a disease within a population
pandemic
outbreak of disease over large geographic area
functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified - eg panic attack
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response due to a prescribed medical treatment
idiopathic disorder
illness without a known cause
infectious disease
illness caused by living pathogenic organisms
nosocomial infection
disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body, eg chicken pox which causes a rash
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
developmental disorder
aka birth defect
atresia
congenital absence of a normal body opening of the failure of a structure to be tubular
