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Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cardiovascular

A

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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3
Q

vascul

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

heart

A

hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs

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5
Q

pericardium

A

double-walled membraneous sac that encloses the heart

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6
Q

epicardium

A

external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

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7
Q

myocardium

A

middle and thickest of the heart’s 3 layers-
consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that created the pumping movement needed to maintain the flow of blood

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8
Q

endocardium

A

consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart

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9
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

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10
Q

atria

A

2 upper chambers of heart, divided by interatrial septum

are the receiving chambers and all blood enters heart thru these chambers

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11
Q

ventricles

A

2 lowest chambers of heart, divided by interventricular septum

pump blood throughout body, wall are thicker than atria

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12
Q

tricuspid valve

A

controls the opening between right atrium and right ventricle

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13
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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14
Q

mitral valve

A

located between the left atrium and left ventricle

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15
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

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16
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood only between heart and lungs

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17
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

only place in body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins

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18
Q

pulmonary veins

A

cary the oxygenated blood from the lungs in to the left atrium

only place in body where oxygenated blood is carried by veins instead of arteries

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19
Q

systemic circulation

A

blood flow to all parts of body except lungs

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20
Q

heartbeat

A

ability to pump blood effectively thru body

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21
Q

sinoatrial node

A

establishes the basic rhythm and rate of heartbeat

located in posterior wall of RA

SA node starts each wave of muscle contraction of heart

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22
Q

atrioventricular node

A

transmits the electrical impulses from SA node to the bundle of His

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23
Q

bundle of His

A

group of fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions

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24
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

specialized conductive fibers located w/iin walls of ventricles that relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles causing them to contract

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25
Q

arteries

A

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

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26
Q

aorta

A

largest blood vessel in body - begins from left ventricle and forms the main trunk of the arterial system

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27
Q

carotid arteries

A

major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

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28
Q

arterioles

A

smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries - as it enters one end of the capillary bed, it is here that the rate of flow of arterial blood slows

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29
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels-only one epithelial cell in thickness- form networks of beds to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cell of tissues

slows blood flow more to allow plasma to enter tissues which allows the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste

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30
Q

veins

A

form a low pressure collecting system to return oxygen poor blood to heart

have valves that enable blood flow only toward heart

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31
Q

venules

A

smallest veins that join to form larger veins

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32
Q

venae cavae

A

2 largest veins in body - return blood into the heart

-superior and inferior vena cava

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33
Q

pulse

A

rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart.

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34
Q

blood pressure

A

measure meant of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

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35
Q

systolic pressure

A

occurs when the ventricles contract- the highest pressure against the walls of an artery

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36
Q

diastolic pressure

A

when ventricles are relaxed - lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

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37
Q

plasma

A

straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones and waste products

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38
Q

serum

A

plasma fluid after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed

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39
Q

fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

clotting proteins in plasma

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40
Q

erythrocytes

A

mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow - primary role is to transport oxygen to the tissues.

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41
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of erythrocytes

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42
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances

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43
Q

neutrophils

A

most common white blood cells, play a major role in immune system’s defense against pathogens

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44
Q

basophils

A

least common white blood cells, responsible for causing allergy symptoms

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45
Q

eosinophils

A

migrate thru-out body to destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

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46
Q

lymphocytes

A

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes and in spleen - identify foreign substances and germs in body and produce antibodies that specifically target them

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47
Q

monocytes

A

provide immunological defense against many infections organisms

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48
Q

thrombocytes

A

smallest formed formed elements of the blood AKA platelets and help clot blood

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49
Q

blood types

A

classified according to the presence of absence of certain antigens

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50
Q

A, AB, B, O

A

blood types - O type lacks A and B antigens

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51
Q

Rh factor

A

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells

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52
Q

blood gases

A

gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of the blood - major gasses are oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

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53
Q

congenital heart defects

A

structural abnormalities caused by failure of heart to develop normally before birth

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54
Q

coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle which creates and insufficient supply of oxygen

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55
Q

plaque

A

fatty deposit found within the lumen of the artery

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56
Q

atheroma

A

deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall

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57
Q

ischemia

A

insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow

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58
Q

angina

A

condition in which sever episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium due to ischemia of the heart muscle and usually worsen until myocardial infarction occurs

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59
Q

myocardial infaction

A

heart attack - occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque build up

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60
Q

heart failure or congestive heart failure

A

occurs most commonly in the elderly often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues - heart is unable to pump out all of the blood it received

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61
Q

cardiomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability

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62
Q

carditis

A

inflammation of the heart

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63
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

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64
Q

bacterial endocarditis

A

inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

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65
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac and this excess fluid restricts movement of heart, reducing pumping ability

66
Q

mycarditis

A

inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection

67
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

term to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

68
Q

heart murmur

A

abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart of a neighboring large blood vessels, often caused by defective heart valves

69
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of heart valve

70
Q

valvular prolapse

A

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

71
Q

arrhythmia

A

loss of normal rhythm of the heartbeat

72
Q

asystole

A

complete lack of electrical activity in the heart, no pumping

flat line

73
Q

cardiac arrest

A

event in which the heart stops abruptly or develops and arrhythmia

74
Q

sudden cardiac death

A

when tx of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

75
Q

heart block

A

congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles

76
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow resting heart rate - less than 60 beats/min

77
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid resting heart rate - greeters than 100 beats/min

78
Q

supra ventricular tachycardia

A

episode that beings and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular node

79
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

very rapid heart rate that begins within the ventricles - potentially fatal

v-tach

80
Q

fibrillation

A

fast and irregular heart beat - can be life threatening

81
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

when normal contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the heart wall which causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria

A-fib

82
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

rapid irregular and useless contraction of the ventricles

V-fib

83
Q

palpitation

A

pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm

84
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of a blood vessel

85
Q

polyarteritis

A

form of vasculitis invoking several medium and small arteries at the same time, when immune cells attack the affected arteries

86
Q

temporal arteritis

A

form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, jaw pain, blindness and stroke - dx when a biopsy shows abnormally large cells

87
Q

angiostenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of blood vessel

88
Q

hemangioma

A

benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

89
Q

hypoperfusion

A

deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

90
Q

aneurysm

A

localized weak spot or balloon like enlargement of the wall of an artery- if ruptured causes rapid blood loss

91
Q

chronic venous insufficiency

A

condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or the leakage of valves

92
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

93
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal condition of having a thrombus (clot)

94
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

95
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

blocking of an artery by a thrombus

96
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

97
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

having an thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein - can break off can an travel to lung and cause fatal blockage

98
Q

embolism

A

sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

99
Q

embolus

A

foreign object such as a blood clot, air/gas, or a bit of tissue that is circulating in the blood

100
Q

peripheral vascular diseases

A

diseases of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain

101
Q

peripheral arterial disease

A

an example of peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis

102
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

peripheral arterial disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress

103
Q

blood dyscrasia

A

any pathological condition of the cellular elements of the blood

104
Q

hemochromatosis

A

genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron that enters blood stream, accumulates in organs and causes damage

105
Q

leukopenia

A

decrease in the number of disease fighting white blood cells circulating in blood

106
Q

polycythemia

A

abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production in the bone marrow

107
Q

sepsis

A

infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream

108
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormally small number of platelets in blood

109
Q

thrombocytosis

A

abnormal increase in platelets in blood

110
Q

cholesterol

A

date substance that travels thru blood and aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones and vitamin D

111
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

112
Q

myelodysplastic sunfrome

A

type of cancer when there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to bone marrow dysfunction

113
Q

leukemia

A

type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of while blood cells found in blood forming tissues, other organs and in circulating blood

114
Q

anemia

A

lower than mortal number of red blood cells caution fatigue and shortness of breath

115
Q

aplastic anemia

A

absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in bone marrow

116
Q

iron-decency anemia

A

most common form - not enough iron to help create hemoglobin and blood cannot carry oxygen effectively

117
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal

118
Q

pernicious anemia

A

caused by a lack of of the protein intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb vitamin B12

119
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to premature destruction of red blood cells by the speen

120
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. interfere with normal blood flow, resulting in damage

121
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited blood disorder that causes mild or sever anemia due to reduces hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells

122
Q

hypertension

A

elevation of the arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

123
Q

hypotension

A

lower than normal arterial blood pressure

124
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

low blood pressure that occurs when standing up

125
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

diagnostic and tx procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart - used to perform angiography

126
Q

digital subtraction angiography

A

clarifies view of an angiography by subtracting bones and soft tissue

127
Q

duplex ultrasound

A

to image structure of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels

128
Q

venography

A

radiographic test that provides an image of specified veins after contrast dye is injected - accurate test for deep vein thrombosis

129
Q

electrocardiography

A

recording the electrical activity of the myocardium

130
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

131
Q

Holter monitor

A

portable electrocardiograph worm by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24-48 hour period

132
Q

stress tests

A

performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress

133
Q

thallium stress test

A

evaluates how well blood flows thru the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting thallium into blood stream - if unequally taken by heart muscles, shows decrease in blood flow to part of the heart

134
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension

135
Q

beta-blocker

A

reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat

136
Q

calcium channel blocker agents

A

cause heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium in to the cells of these structure - increases supply of blood and oxygen

137
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

controls irregularities of the heart beat

138
Q

anticoagulant

A

prevents new clots from forming and slows coagulation (clotting of blood)

139
Q

Coumadin

A

brandname for warfarin - anticoagulant to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger

140
Q

Heparin

A

anticoagulant that needs to be administered by IV or injection

141
Q

digitalis

A

strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows heart rate and helps eliminate fluid from tissue

142
Q

thrombolytic

A

dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up

143
Q

tissue plasminogen activator

A

a thrombolytic that is administer to some patients having a heart attack or stroke. If given soon enough, medication can dissolve the damaging blood clots

144
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

narrows blood vessels - ex. antihistamines and decongestants

145
Q

vasodilator

A

causes blood vessels to expand

146
Q

nitroglycerin

A

vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve pain of angina by dilating blood vessels to the heart

147
Q

angioplasty

A

mechanically widening of a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel

148
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

small balloon is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen

149
Q

laser angioplasty

A

laser on end of catheter which used the beams of light to remove plaque deposits

150
Q

restenosis

A

when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty loses again

151
Q

atherectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of the artery

152
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain

153
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

a piece of vein from the left or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve flow of blood

154
Q

cardiac ablation

A

procedure that uses red-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm

155
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a heart valve

156
Q

transcatheteraortic valve replacement

A

minimally invasive procedure that leaves the existing valve in place and a fully collapsible replacement valve is place via a catheter

157
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

surgical removal of an aneurysm

158
Q

aneurysmorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing of an aneurysm

159
Q

aneurysm clipping

A

surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck. the clip prevents blood from flowing into aneurysm

160
Q

arteriectomy

A

surgical removal of part of an artery

161
Q

hemostasis

A

to stop or control bleeding

162
Q

plasmapheresis

A

plasma exchange - removal of whole blood from body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements. red blood cells and platelets are suspended in saline or a plasma substitute and returned.

Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. (16 decks)

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