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Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord- receive and process info and regulate all bodily activity

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves- transmit nerve signals to and from central nervous system

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3
Q

nerve

A

bundles of neurons that connect the brain/spinal cord with other parts of the body

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4
Q

tract

A

bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

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5
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system

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6
Q

innervation

A

supply nerves to a specific body part

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7
Q

plexus

A

network of intersecting spinal nerves

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8
Q

receptors

A

sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation

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9
Q

stimulus

A

anything that activates a nerve and causes an impulse

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10
Q

reflex

A

automatic, involuntary response to some change

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11
Q

neurons

A

basic cells of nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate

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12
Q

ACE

SAM

A

Afferent neurons- toward the brain from sensory organs(sensory neurons)
Connecting neurons (associative neurons)
Efferent neurons- away from brain to muscles and glands (motor neurons)

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13
Q

dendrites

A

root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to cell body

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14
Q

axon

A

projection (process) that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell, usually protect by myelin sheath

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15
Q

terminal end fibers

A

branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead nerve impulse to synapse

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16
Q

synapse

A

space between 2 neurons or neuron and receptor organ

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17
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse to the target receptor

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18
Q

glial cells

A 
provide support and protection for neurons
1-surround neurons and hold in place
2-supply nutrients and oxygen
3-insulate neurons from each other
4- destroy and remove dead neurons
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19
Q

myelin sheath

A

protective covering made up of glial cells - form white matter of brain and spinal cord and axon

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20
Q

meninges

A

system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord - 3 layers

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21
Q

dura mater

A

outermost membrane of the meninges - thick and tough

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22
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

2nd layer of meninges, resembles spider web - loosely attached to other meninges to allow space for fluid to flow

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23
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meninges layer consisting of connective tissues with rich supply of blood vessels

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24
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

proceeded by special capillaries in brain to cool and cushion brain/spinal cord and transport nutrients and chemical messengers

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25
Q

cerebrum

A

largest and uppermost portion of brain responsible for all though, judgement, memory and emotion- controls and integrates motor and sensory functions

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26
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of cerebrum - made up of gray matter- has elevated folds and deep fissures

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27
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls skilled motor functions, memory and behavior

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28
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in tongue, skin, and muscles

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29
Q

occipital lobe

A

controls eyesight

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30
Q

temporal lobe

A

controls the senses of hearing and smell and the ability to create, store and access new info

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31
Q

thalamus

A

produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from cerebrum and sense organs

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32
Q

hypothalmus

A

regulates:
- autonomic nervous system (heart rate, bp, breathing, digestion)
- emotional responses
- body temp
- food intake by huger sensations
- water balance by thirst
- sleep/wake cycles
- pituitary gland and endocrine system activity

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33
Q

cerebellum

A

produces smooth and coordinated movements, maintain equilibrium, and sustain normal postures

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34
Q

brainstem

A

connects cerebral hemispheres with spinal cord - 3 parts

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35
Q

midbrain and pons

A

provide pathways to and from higher and lowers centers in brain - control relaxes for eye movement and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli

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36
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls basic survival functions

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37
Q

spinal cord

A

long fragile tube like structure which contains all the nerves affecting limbs and lower part of body

38
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary actions of body, eg internal muscles functions

39
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

prepare body for emergencies/stress by increasing respiratory rate, heart rate and blood flow to muscles

40
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

return body to normal after response to stress

41
Q

cognition

A

mental activities assoc. with thinking, learning and memory

42
Q

dementia

A

slowly progressive decline in mental abilities

43
Q

vascular dementis

A

form of detention caused by stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to brain

44
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

disorder in kids characterized by vomiting and confusion

45
Q

tetanus

A

infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin by bacteria

46
Q

Alzheimers

A

leading form of dementia with progressive deterioration of memory and reasoning ability

47
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Lou Gehrig’s - rapidly progressing neurological disease that attacks nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movement

48
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

head injury that damages the brain

49
Q

levels of consciousness

A

describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus

50
Q

stupor

A

unresponsive state from which a person can only be aroused from briefly

51
Q

syncope

A

fainting cause by decreased blood flow to brain

52
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

stroke - damage to brain when blood flow to brain is disrupted due to blocked or ruptured blood vessel

53
Q

ischemic stroke

A

blood flow to brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery

54
Q

transient ischemic stroke

A

mini stroke - temporary interruption in blood supply to brain

55
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

brain bleed - blood vessel in brain leaks or aneurysm ruptures

56
Q

arteriovenous malformation

A

abnormal connection between arteries and veins in brain - usually congenital and can rupture suddenly at any age

57
Q

myelosis

A

tumor on spinal cord

58
Q

poliomyelitis

A

Polio - highly contagious viral infection of brainstem and spinal cord

59
Q

radiculitis

A

pinched nerve - inflammation of the root of spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb

60
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation the causes demyelination of myelin sheath.

61
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

temp paralysis of the 7th cranial nerve - causes paralysis on one side of face

62
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves - rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temp paralysis

63
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

severe, lightning-like pain in cheeks, lip and/or gums due to inflammation of 5th cranial nerve

64
Q

cerebral palsy

A

poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects and other neurological deficiencies due to cerebrum damage.

65
Q

seizure

A

sudden surge of electrical activity in brain

66
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

grand mal - tonic phase body is rigid, clonic phase body shakes

67
Q

absence seizure

A

petit mal- disturbance in brain function with loss of awareness

68
Q

causalgia

A

persistent, severe burning sensation/pain following an injury to a sensory nerve

69
Q

paresthesia

A

burning or prickling sensation in extremities, can be 1st symptom of peripheral neuropathy

70
Q

functional MRI

A

detects changes in blood flow in brain when patient is asked to perform specific tasks

71
Q

echoencephalography

A

use of ultrasound imaging to create detailed visual image of brain

72
Q

electroencephalography

A

process of recording electrical activity of brain thru use of electrodes attached to scalp

73
Q

electromyography

A

uses electrodes taped to skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to muscles

74
Q

hypnotic medication

A

depresses central nervous system and usually produces sleep

75
Q

barbiturates

A

drug class that is used as a calming or depressed effect on central nervous system

76
Q

sedative

A

depresses central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without sleep

77
Q

spinal anesthesia

A

regional anesthesia produced by injecting meds into subarachnoid space

78
Q

gamma knife surgery

A

no knife used- uses gamma radiation to destroy brain tumor

79
Q

thalamotomy

A

incision into thalamus to kill brain cells to quiet Parkinson’s tremors

80
Q

panic disorder

A

characterized by fear of panic attacks

81
Q

dissociative disorders

A

when normal thought is separated from consciousness

82
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

formerly multiple personality disorder

83
Q

personality disorder

A

chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work

84
Q

psychotic disorder

A

loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

85
Q

catatonic behavior

A

marked by lack of responsiveness, stupor and a tendency to remain in a fixed position

86
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

physical complaints or concerns about ones body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

87
Q

factitious disorder

A

individual acts like they have a physical or mental illness when they are not really sick - motivated by desire for attention and sympathy

88
Q

conversion disorder

A

serious temp or ongoing changes in function, like blindness or paralysis, that are triggered by psychological factors

89
Q

malingering

A

intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms motivated by incentives like avoiding work

90
Q

psychotropic drug

A

produces temp changes affecting mind, emotions, and behavior

Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. (16 decks)

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