Muscular System Flashcards
Muscle fibers
long slender cells that make up muscles
fascia
band of connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
tendon
narrow bank of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
skeletal muscles
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body movement possible
smooth muscles
in the walls of internal muscles - function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these organs
myocardial muscles
forms the muscular walls of the heart - striated like skeletal muscles but has involuntary action like smooth muscles
muscle innervation
stimulation of a muscles by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
contraction
tightening of a muscle
relaxation
when a muscle returns to its original form
abduction
movement of a limb AWAY FROM the midline of the body
adduction
movement of a limb TOWARD the midline
flexion
decreasing the angle between 2 bones by bending a limb at a joint
extension
increasing the angle between 2 bones or the straightening out of a limb
hyperextension
extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
elevation
act of raising or living a body part
depression
lowering of a body part
rotation
circular movement around an axis
circumduction
circular movement at the far end of a limb
supination
act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of hand ro sole of foot is turned forward or upward
pronation
act of rotating the arm or leg so palm or sole of foot is turned downward or backward
dorsiflexion
movement that bend the foot upward at the ankle
plantar flexion
movement that bend the foot downward at the ankle
muscle origin
where the muscle beings and located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
muscle insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon
lateralis
toward the side
medialis
toward the midline
oblique
slanted or at an angle
rectus
in a straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
sphincter
ring like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passage
transverse
crosswise direction
biceps brachii
aka biceps - formed from 2 divisions- flexes the elbow
triceps brachii
aka triceps - formed from 3 divisions - extends elbow
gluteus maximus
largest muscle of the buttock
deltoid muscles
located on the shoulder and shaped like an inverted triangle - forms muscle cap of the shoulder
hamstring group
located at the lack of the upper leg consisting of 3 muscles
frontalis muscle
muscle in the forehead and raises and lowers eybrows
temporalis muscle
moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
masseter muscle
moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
pectoralis major
makes up the bulk of the chest muscles
external oblique
muscles in abdomen that felt and rotate the vertebral column and felt the torso and compress the abdomen
internal oblique
muscles in abdomen felt the spine, supports the abdominal contents, help breathe and rotate spine
rectus abdominis
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing and supports the spine
transverse abdominis
located on the side of the abdomen
trapezius
moves the head and shoulder blade
rectus femoris muscle
extends the left at the knee
quadriceps femoris
made up of 4 muscles
gastrocnemius
calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward
exercise physiologist
specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
occupational therapist
helps enable its to participate in the activities of daily life
physiatrist
specializes in physical medicine and rehab with focus on restoring function.
physical therapist
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage or other techniques
chronic fatigue syndrome
characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be worse by physical or mental activity
adhesion
band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
atrophy
weakness or wearing aware of body tissues and structures
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass, strength and function that come with aging
muscle tone
state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination and movement possible
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
dystonia
condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
hypotonia
diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
contracture
permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, pigments or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
spasm
any sudden, involuntary contraction of one for more muscles
myoclonus
quick involuntary jerking of a muscles or group of muscles
singultus
hiccups
torticollis
stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
hyperkinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
myasthenia gravis
chronic autoimmune disease that affects neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
muscular dystrophy
group of 30+ genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting the nervous system
repetitive stress disorders
variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities or sports
compartment syndrome
compression of nerves and blood vessels due to selling within the “compartment” and enclosed space created by the facia that separates groups of muscles
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
overuse tendinitis
inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
myofascial pain syndrome
chronic pain disorder caused by a muscle being contracted receptively , characterized by development of trigger points producing local and referred muscle pain
impingement syndrome
inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between bones within the shoulder joint
rotator cuff tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or it overuse continues. - irritated tendon weakens and tears
carpal tunnel syndrome
occurs with the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflames and swollen
carpal tunnel release
surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve pressure on tendons and nerves
ganglion cyst
harmless fluid filled sac that forms most often on outer surface of wrist
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the plants fascia on the sole of the foot
sprain
injury to a joint when a LIGAMENT is rented or torn
strain
injury to the body of the muscle or the attachment of a tendon
shin splint
caused by the tibias anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
iliotibial band syndrome
IT band runs from hipbone diagonally across leg to the tibia - ITBS caused by band rubbing against bone often in knee ares
deep tendon reflexes
tested with a reflex hammer that strikes a tendon
range of motion testing
ROM diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
electromyography
test that measure the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
antispasmodic medication
used to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine or bladder
skeletal muscle relaxant
given to relax muscles and relieve the stiffness, pain and discomfort caused by strains, sprains or other muscle injuries
neuromuscular blocker medication
causes temp paralysis by blocking transmission of nerve stimuli to muscles - used in sx with anesthesia
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
uses a device to deliver electrical impulses thru skin which causes changes in muscles
