Lympahtic and Immune Systems Flashcards
lacteals
specialized structures of lymphatic system that absorb fats that can’t be transported by the blood stream
interstitial fluid
plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries and then flows into the spaces between the cells or the tissues
- delivers nutrients oxygen and hormones to cells
- removed waste and protein molecules that were created in cells
lymph
made up of remaining 10% of returning interstitial fluid clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins - protein molecules that were created in cells and dead cells, debris and pathogens
plays part in immune system
lymphatic circulatory system
depends on pumping motion of muscles - flows in only 1 direction and is filtered by lymph nodes
lymphatic capillaries
microscopic, sealed at one end tubes located near surface of body
lymphatic vessels
located deeper in tissue than capillaries, have valves and join together to form ducts
right lymphatic duct
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant and right arm - empties into the right subclavian vein
thoracic duct
largest lymphatic vessel in body - collects lymph from left side of head and neck, upper left quadrant, left arm and entire lower trunk and legs - empties into left subclavian vein
lymph node
contain specialized lymphocytes to destroy pathogens - where lymph is filtered
3 major groups of lymph nodes
cervical lymph nodes
axillary lymph nodes
inguinal lymph nodes
lymphocytes
leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells - defend body against antigens
antigen
any substance that the body regards are being foreign including viruses, bacteria, toxins and transplanted tissue
natural killer cells
lymphocyte that play an important role in killing cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
B cells
lymphocytes that produce antibodies to destroy antigens
plasma cells
develop from B cells and secrete large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
T cells
lymphocytes that originate in the thymus - play central role in cell-mediated immunity
cytokines
group of proteins released primarily by the T cells to act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response
interferons
produced in response to presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells - activate immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication and signal other cells to increase their defenses
interleukins
direct B and T cells to divide and proliferate
tonsils
3 masses of lymphoid tissues that form a protective ring and around the back of the nose and upper thoat
adenoids
AKA nasopharyngeal tonsils - located in nasopharynx
palatine tonsils
located on the right and left sides of throat in area visible at back of mouth
lingual tonsils
located at base on tongue
thymus
mass of lymphoid tide located above heart that secretes hormone that stimulates maturation pf lymphocytes into T cells
vermiform appendix
may play important role in immune system
spleen
sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue in LUQ inferior to diaphragm and posterior to stomach that filters microorganisms and foreign material from blood, forms lymphocytes and monocytes and destroys worn out red blood cells and releases hemoglobin for reuse
antigen-antibody reaction
involves binding antigens to antibodies.
aka immune reaction
tolerance
acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen or a decline in the effective response to a drug, usually due to repeated use
antibody
a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
immunoglobulin
bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response
phagocytes
specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody response by destroying substances such as cells debris, dust, pollen and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
monocytes
leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
macrophage
type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells- also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells
dendritic cells
specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
complement system
group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form and complement the ability of antibodies to ward of pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria
immunity
state of being resistant to a specific disease
natural immunity
resistance to a deices present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease
acquired immunity
obtained by having had a contagious disease by by vaccination
immunologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
lymphologist
physician specializing in diagnosing and treating s disorders of the lymphatic system
lymphoscintigraphy
test performed to detect damage or malformation of the lymphatic vessels
lymphedema
swelling of tissue due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within tissue
bioimpedance spectroscopy
noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema by measuring resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb, with low results showing a buildup of lymph
allergic reaction
when body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen
allergy
overreaction by body to a particular antigen
allergen
substance that produces allergic reaction
localized allergic response
redness, icing or burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen
systemic reaction
severe response to an allergen - AKA anaphylaxis
antihistimines
medications given to relieve or prevent symptoms of hay fever
autoimmune disorder
any of a group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues
immunodeficiency disorder
occurs when the immune response is compromised and weakened
severe combined immunodeficiency
an inherited condition in which abnormalities in immune system cause increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail and leaving it vulnerable to opportunistic infections
opportunistic infection
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness but when host is debilitated pathogens can cause infection
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
most advanced and fatal state of HIV
Kaposi’s sarcoma
an opportunistic infection commonly assoc with HIV - causes cancer to grow patches of abnormal tissue under skin in mouth, nose and throat
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - blood test used to screen of presence of HIV antibodies, Lyme disease and other infectious conditions
western blot test
blood test to produces more accurate results than ELISA test- used to rule out false positive
Immunotherapy
disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response
synthetic immunoglobulin
used as a post-exposure preventative measure abasing certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis
monoclonal antibodies
any of a class of antibodies produced in the lab by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells and used to enhance pt’s immune response
immunosuppression
treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antibodies
corticosteroid drug
hormone like drug given primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant
cytotoxic drug
medication that kills or damages cells
pathogen
microorganism that causes a disease in humans
bacteria
one-celled microscopic organisms
bacilli
rod-shaped, spore forming bacteria
anthrax
contagious disease transmitted through livestock - spores grown in labs have been used in biological warfare
rickettsia
bacteria that live in lice, please, ticks and mites
spirochetes
long, slender spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls are are capable of movement
Lyme disease
transmitted to humans by nite of tick that has contact with a deer infected with spirochete bacteria Borrelia burgdorderi
staphylococci
~30 species of bacteria that form irregular clusters resembling grapes
streptococci
bacteria that form a chain - cause strep throat, meningitis and other serious illnesses
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target and the surviving bacteria become resistant to the drug
fungus
simple parasitic organism
parasite
plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism
malaria
caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred by a bite
toxoplasmosis
parasite transmitted to humans from animal feces
viruses
very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells
ebola
disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids when symptoms are present
influenza
AKA flu
Measles
acute highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets - ref itchy rash all over
mumps
acute viral infection that is characterized by swelling of parotid glands, which are the salivary glands in front of ears
rubella
viral infection characterized by low grade fever, swollen glands inflamed wyes and a fine, pink rash
rabies
acute viral infection transmitted to humans thru the bite or saliva of an infected animal
west nile virus
spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito - mild form has flu like symptoms, severe form spreads to spine and brain
cytomegalovirus
a type of herpes virus fund in most bodily fluids
varicella
chickenpox
herpes zoster
shingles - painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve
infectious mononucleosis
caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes
antibiotics
medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms - not effective against viral infections
bactericide
substance that causes death of bacteria - includes penicillin
antiviral drug
used to treat viral infections or provide temp immunity
oncology
study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer
tumor
abnormal growth of body tissue - within mass the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid and progressive
neoplasm
tumor
angiogenesis
process thru which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
antiangiogenesis
form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to a tumor
cancer
class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of theses cells to invade other tissue either by direct growth into adjacent tissue or by metastasizing
metastasize
to spread from one place to another
metastasis
process by which cancer spreads to a new site and term describes tour itself
carcinoma
malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
carcinoma in situ
malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded surrounding tissues
adenocarcinoma
any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
sarcoma
malignant tumor that arrises from connective tissues, including, hard, soft and liquid connective tissues
lymphoma
general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
cancer of the immune system distinguished by presence of large cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
more common type - refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s, all of which originate in lymphocytes
ductal carcinoma in situ
breast cancer at earliest stage before cancer has broken thru walls of milk duct
infiltration ductal carcinoma
starts in milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct
inflammatory breast cancer
rare but aggressive - cancer cells block lymphatic vessels in skin of the breast
molecular breast imaging
nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in dense breast tissue
radical mastectomy
surgical removal of entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues
modified radical mastectomy
surgical removal of entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under adjacent arm
chemo therapy
use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
chemoprevention
use of natural or synthetic substances to reside risk of developing cancer or to reduce chance cancer will return
antineoplastic medication
a medication that blocks the development, growth or proliferation of malignant cells
brachytherapy
use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated
teletherapy
radiation therapy administer at a distance from the body
tomotherapy
combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target tumor
targeted therapy
developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells
adjuvant therapy
sometimes used after primary cancer treatment has been completed to decrease chance of recurrence
