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Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. > Lympahtic and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Lympahtic and Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

lacteals

A

specialized structures of lymphatic system that absorb fats that can’t be transported by the blood stream

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2
Q

interstitial fluid

A

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries and then flows into the spaces between the cells or the tissues

  • delivers nutrients oxygen and hormones to cells
  • removed waste and protein molecules that were created in cells
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3
Q

lymph

A

made up of remaining 10% of returning interstitial fluid clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins - protein molecules that were created in cells and dead cells, debris and pathogens
plays part in immune system

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4
Q

lymphatic circulatory system

A

depends on pumping motion of muscles - flows in only 1 direction and is filtered by lymph nodes

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5
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

microscopic, sealed at one end tubes located near surface of body

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6
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

located deeper in tissue than capillaries, have valves and join together to form ducts

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7
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant and right arm - empties into the right subclavian vein

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8
Q

thoracic duct

A

largest lymphatic vessel in body - collects lymph from left side of head and neck, upper left quadrant, left arm and entire lower trunk and legs - empties into left subclavian vein

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9
Q

lymph node

A

contain specialized lymphocytes to destroy pathogens - where lymph is filtered

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10
Q

3 major groups of lymph nodes

A

cervical lymph nodes
axillary lymph nodes
inguinal lymph nodes

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11
Q

lymphocytes

A

leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells - defend body against antigens

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12
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards are being foreign including viruses, bacteria, toxins and transplanted tissue

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13
Q

natural killer cells

A

lymphocyte that play an important role in killing cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

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14
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that produce antibodies to destroy antigens

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15
Q

plasma cells

A

develop from B cells and secrete large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

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16
Q

T cells

A

lymphocytes that originate in the thymus - play central role in cell-mediated immunity

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17
Q

cytokines

A

group of proteins released primarily by the T cells to act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

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18
Q

interferons

A

produced in response to presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells - activate immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication and signal other cells to increase their defenses

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19
Q

interleukins

A

direct B and T cells to divide and proliferate

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20
Q

tonsils

A

3 masses of lymphoid tissues that form a protective ring and around the back of the nose and upper thoat

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21
Q

adenoids

A

AKA nasopharyngeal tonsils - located in nasopharynx

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22
Q

palatine tonsils

A

located on the right and left sides of throat in area visible at back of mouth

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23
Q

lingual tonsils

A

located at base on tongue

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24
Q

thymus

A

mass of lymphoid tide located above heart that secretes hormone that stimulates maturation pf lymphocytes into T cells

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25
Q

vermiform appendix

A

may play important role in immune system

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26
Q

spleen

A

sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue in LUQ inferior to diaphragm and posterior to stomach that filters microorganisms and foreign material from blood, forms lymphocytes and monocytes and destroys worn out red blood cells and releases hemoglobin for reuse

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27
Q

antigen-antibody reaction

A

involves binding antigens to antibodies.

aka immune reaction

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28
Q

tolerance

A

acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen or a decline in the effective response to a drug, usually due to repeated use

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29
Q

antibody

A

a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

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30
Q

immunoglobulin

A

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

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31
Q

phagocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody response by destroying substances such as cells debris, dust, pollen and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

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32
Q

monocytes

A

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

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33
Q

macrophage

A

type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells- also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells

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34
Q

dendritic cells

A

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

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35
Q

complement system

A

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form and complement the ability of antibodies to ward of pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria

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36
Q

immunity

A

state of being resistant to a specific disease

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37
Q

natural immunity

A

resistance to a deices present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease

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38
Q

acquired immunity

A

obtained by having had a contagious disease by by vaccination

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39
Q

immunologist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

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40
Q

lymphologist

A

physician specializing in diagnosing and treating s disorders of the lymphatic system

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41
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

test performed to detect damage or malformation of the lymphatic vessels

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42
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling of tissue due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within tissue

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43
Q

bioimpedance spectroscopy

A

noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema by measuring resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb, with low results showing a buildup of lymph

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44
Q

allergic reaction

A

when body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen

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45
Q

allergy

A

overreaction by body to a particular antigen

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46
Q

allergen

A

substance that produces allergic reaction

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47
Q

localized allergic response

A

redness, icing or burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen

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48
Q

systemic reaction

A

severe response to an allergen - AKA anaphylaxis

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49
Q

antihistimines

A

medications given to relieve or prevent symptoms of hay fever

50
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

any of a group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues

51
Q

immunodeficiency disorder

A

occurs when the immune response is compromised and weakened

52
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency

A

an inherited condition in which abnormalities in immune system cause increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections

53
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail and leaving it vulnerable to opportunistic infections

54
Q

opportunistic infection

A

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness but when host is debilitated pathogens can cause infection

55
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

most advanced and fatal state of HIV

56
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

an opportunistic infection commonly assoc with HIV - causes cancer to grow patches of abnormal tissue under skin in mouth, nose and throat

57
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - blood test used to screen of presence of HIV antibodies, Lyme disease and other infectious conditions

58
Q

western blot test

A

blood test to produces more accurate results than ELISA test- used to rule out false positive

59
Q

Immunotherapy

A

disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response

60
Q

synthetic immunoglobulin

A

used as a post-exposure preventative measure abasing certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis

61
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

any of a class of antibodies produced in the lab by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells and used to enhance pt’s immune response

62
Q

immunosuppression

A

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antibodies

63
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

hormone like drug given primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

64
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

medication that kills or damages cells

65
Q

pathogen

A

microorganism that causes a disease in humans

66
Q

bacteria

A

one-celled microscopic organisms

67
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped, spore forming bacteria

68
Q

anthrax

A

contagious disease transmitted through livestock - spores grown in labs have been used in biological warfare

69
Q

rickettsia

A

bacteria that live in lice, please, ticks and mites

70
Q

spirochetes

A

long, slender spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls are are capable of movement

71
Q

Lyme disease

A

transmitted to humans by nite of tick that has contact with a deer infected with spirochete bacteria Borrelia burgdorderi

72
Q

staphylococci

A

~30 species of bacteria that form irregular clusters resembling grapes

73
Q

streptococci

A

bacteria that form a chain - cause strep throat, meningitis and other serious illnesses

74
Q

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target and the surviving bacteria become resistant to the drug

75
Q

fungus

A

simple parasitic organism

76
Q

parasite

A

plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

77
Q

malaria

A

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred by a bite

78
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

parasite transmitted to humans from animal feces

79
Q

viruses

A

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells

80
Q

ebola

A

disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids when symptoms are present

81
Q

influenza

A

AKA flu

82
Q

Measles

A

acute highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets - ref itchy rash all over

83
Q

mumps

A

acute viral infection that is characterized by swelling of parotid glands, which are the salivary glands in front of ears

84
Q

rubella

A

viral infection characterized by low grade fever, swollen glands inflamed wyes and a fine, pink rash

85
Q

rabies

A

acute viral infection transmitted to humans thru the bite or saliva of an infected animal

86
Q

west nile virus

A

spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito - mild form has flu like symptoms, severe form spreads to spine and brain

87
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

a type of herpes virus fund in most bodily fluids

88
Q

varicella

A

chickenpox

89
Q

herpes zoster

A

shingles - painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

90
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

91
Q

antibiotics

A

medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms - not effective against viral infections

92
Q

bactericide

A

substance that causes death of bacteria - includes penicillin

93
Q

antiviral drug

A

used to treat viral infections or provide temp immunity

94
Q

oncology

A

study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer

95
Q

tumor

A

abnormal growth of body tissue - within mass the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid and progressive

96
Q

neoplasm

A

tumor

97
Q

angiogenesis

A

process thru which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

98
Q

antiangiogenesis

A

form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to a tumor

99
Q

cancer

A

class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of theses cells to invade other tissue either by direct growth into adjacent tissue or by metastasizing

100
Q

metastasize

A

to spread from one place to another

101
Q

metastasis

A

process by which cancer spreads to a new site and term describes tour itself

102
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

103
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded surrounding tissues

104
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

105
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor that arrises from connective tissues, including, hard, soft and liquid connective tissues

106
Q

lymphoma

A

general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow

107
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

cancer of the immune system distinguished by presence of large cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells

108
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

more common type - refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s, all of which originate in lymphocytes

109
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ

A

breast cancer at earliest stage before cancer has broken thru walls of milk duct

110
Q

infiltration ductal carcinoma

A

starts in milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct

111
Q

inflammatory breast cancer

A

rare but aggressive - cancer cells block lymphatic vessels in skin of the breast

112
Q

molecular breast imaging

A

nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in dense breast tissue

113
Q

radical mastectomy

A

surgical removal of entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

114
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

surgical removal of entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under adjacent arm

115
Q

chemo therapy

A

use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

116
Q

chemoprevention

A

use of natural or synthetic substances to reside risk of developing cancer or to reduce chance cancer will return

117
Q

antineoplastic medication

A

a medication that blocks the development, growth or proliferation of malignant cells

118
Q

brachytherapy

A

use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

119
Q

teletherapy

A

radiation therapy administer at a distance from the body

120
Q

tomotherapy

A

combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target tumor

121
Q

targeted therapy

A

developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

122
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

sometimes used after primary cancer treatment has been completed to decrease chance of recurrence

Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. (16 decks)

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