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Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ossification

A

normal process of bone formation

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2
Q

periosteum

A

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

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3
Q

compact bone

A

dense, hard and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones

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4
Q

spongy bone

A

porous making it lighter and weaker than compact bone

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5
Q

medullary cavity

A

central cavity in shaft of long bone where red and yellow bone marrow are stored

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6
Q

endosteum

A

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

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7
Q

cartilage

A

smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

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8
Q

articular cartilage

A

convert the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together

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9
Q

meniscus

A

curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints

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10
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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11
Q

epiphyses

A

wider ends of long bones

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12
Q

foramen

A

opening in a bone thru which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass

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13
Q

process

A

normal projection on the surface of a bone that mostly commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

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14
Q

joints

A

places of union between 2 or more bones

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15
Q

fibrous joints

A

hold the bones tightly together and sunset of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue

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16
Q

fontanelles

A

soft spots on skull of newborn

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17
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

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18
Q

synovial joint

A

created where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

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19
Q

synovial capsule

A

outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surround joint

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20
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

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21
Q

synovial fluid

A

acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement of joint possible

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22
Q

ligaments

A

bands to fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another or joining bone to cartilage

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23
Q

bursa

A

fibrous sac that acts as cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction where a tendon passes over a bone

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24
Q

axial skeleton

A

protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems - 80 bones of skull, ossicles of middle ear, hyoid bone between chin and thyroid, rib cage and vertebral column

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25
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

makes body movement possible and protects organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction - 126 bones of upper and lower extremities

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26
Q

skull

A

consists of 8 bones of cranium, 14 face bones, 6 bones of middle ear.

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27
Q

cranium

A

portion of skull that encloses and protects the brain - made up of 8 bones

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28
Q

frontal bone

A

anterior portion of the cranium that forms forehead

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29
Q

parietal bones

A

form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium

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30
Q

occipital bones

A

form the back of the skull and base of cranium

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31
Q

temporal bones

A

form sides and base of cranium

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32
Q

external auditory meatus

A

opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear

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33
Q

sphenoid bone

A

irregular, wedge shaped bone at base of skull and makes contact with all other cranial bones

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34
Q

ethmoid bone

A

light spongy bone at roof and sides of the nose

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35
Q

auditory ossicles

A

3 bones of middle ear

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36
Q

nasal bones

A

2- form upper part of bridge of nose

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37
Q

zygomatic bones

A

2- cheekbones

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38
Q

maxillary bones

A

2-form most of the upper jaw

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39
Q

palatine bones

A

2-form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose

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40
Q

lacrimal bones

A

2- make up part of the orbit at the inner angle

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41
Q

inferior conshae

A

2- thin, scroll like bones that form the interior of the nose

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42
Q

vomer bone

A

forms base for the nasal septum

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43
Q

mandible

A

jawbone

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44
Q

temporomandible joint

A

where the mandible attaches to the skull - AKA TMJ

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45
Q

thoracic cavity

A

AKA ribcage

bony structure that protects the hear and lungs

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46
Q

ribs

A

attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae - 12 pairs

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47
Q

sternum

A

flat, dagger shaped bone located in middle of chest and forms front of rib cage

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48
Q

manubrium

A

bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

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49
Q

body of the sternum

A

bony structureforms middle portion of the sternum

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50
Q

xiploid process

A

cartilage structure that forms the lower portion of the sternum

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51
Q

pectoral girdle

A

formed by the shoulders and supports the arms and hands

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52
Q

clavicle

A

slender bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula

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53
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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54
Q

acromion

A

extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

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55
Q

humerus

A

bone of the upper are

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56
Q

radius

A

smaller and shorter bone of the forearm on the thumb side

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57
Q

ulna

A

larger and longer bone of the forearm and forms part of elbow joint

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58
Q

olecranon process

A

aka funny bone

large projection of the upper end of the ulna

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59
Q

carpals

A

8 bones that form the wrist

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60
Q

metacarpals

A

5 bones that forms the palms of hand

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61
Q

phalanges

A

14 bones of the fingers - bones of toe are also phalanges

62
Q

spinal column

A

protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

63
Q

vertebrae

A

26 bones of the spinal column

64
Q

lamina

A

posterior portion of vertebrae

65
Q

intervertebral disks

A

made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae -act as shock absorbers and allow movement

66
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7 - first set of vertebrae and make up the neck

67
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-T12 - second set of vertebrae - each has a rib attached to it

68
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5 - third set of vertebrae - largest and strongest, bear most of the body’s weight

69
Q

sacrum

A

slightly curved triangular shaped bone nest the base of the spine that forms lower portion of the back

70
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone - forms end of spine

71
Q

pelvis

A

protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities

72
Q

ilium

A

broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the public bone

73
Q

sacroiliac

A

slightly movable articulation between the scrum and posterior portion of the ilium

74
Q

ischium

A

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of body when sitting

75
Q

pubis

A

forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located below bladder

76
Q

pubic bones

A

ilium, sacroiliac and pubis - separate at birth but fuse together to create right and left pubic bones

77
Q

pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones

78
Q

acetabulum

A

aka hip socket

79
Q

femur

A

largest bone in body - thigh bone

80
Q

patella

A

kneecap

81
Q

popliteal

A

describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels and muscles related to this joint are located

82
Q

cruciate ligaments

A

make movement of knee possible - anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, form cross shape

83
Q

tibia

A

shinbone - large anterior weight bearing bone in lower leg

84
Q

fibula

A

smaller of lower leg bones

85
Q

ankles

A

joints that connect the lower leg and foot

86
Q

tarsal boens

A

7 bones that make up the ankle

87
Q

malleolus

A

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on sides of ankle joint

88
Q

talus

A

ankle bone that articulates with tibia and fibula

89
Q

calcaneus

A

aka heel bone

90
Q

metatarsals

A

5 bones of foot where toes are attached

91
Q

ankylosis

A

loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or a surgical procedure

92
Q

adhesive capsulitis

A

painful ankylosis of the shoulder - aka frozen shoulder

93
Q

Baker’s cyst

A

fluid filled sac behind the knee usually from a condition triggering the production of excess synovial fluid

94
Q

hallux valgus

A

aka bunion

abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe

95
Q

hemarthrosis

A

blood within a joint

96
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica

A

inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms and hips and thighs

97
Q

sprain

A

when a ligament that connects bones to a point is wrenched or torn

98
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a bone from its joint

99
Q

osteoarthritis

A

inflammatory condition of joints associated with aging

100
Q

osteophytes

A

bone spurs

101
Q

spondylosis

A

degenerative disorder can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function

102
Q

gout

A

arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

103
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic autoimmune disorder in which the synovial membranes and other body tissues are inflamed and thickened

104
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

form of RA that causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

105
Q

herniated disk

A

breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

106
Q

lumbago

A

pain of the lumbar region of the spine

107
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

108
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defect when spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

109
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine

110
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

111
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

112
Q

avracular necrosis

A

area of bone tissue death cause by insufficient blood flow

113
Q

craniostenosis

A

malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

114
Q

Paget’s disease

A

chronic bone disease characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone usually in pelvis, skull, spine and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation

115
Q

Ricketts

A

deficiency disease occurring in kids characterized by defective bone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D

116
Q

short stature (dwarfism)

A

results from failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk

117
Q

talipes

A

any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus

118
Q

osteochondroma

A

benign bony projection covered in cartilage

119
Q

osteoporosis

A

marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity - assoc. with aging

120
Q

osteopenia

A

thinner than average bone density but not yet osteoporosis

121
Q

compression fracture

A

when bone is pressed together on itself

122
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

fractured wrist at lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing their hands

123
Q

osteoporotic hip fracture

A

broken hip - usually caused by weakening of the bone

124
Q

closed fracture

A

bone is broken but no open wound

125
Q

open fracture

A

bone is broken and there is an open wound

126
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone is splintered or crushed

127
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone is bent and only partially broken - occurs primarily in kids

128
Q

oblique fracture

A

occurs at an angle across the bone

129
Q

pathologic fracture

A

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

130
Q

spiral fracture

A

a fracture in which bone is twisted apart

131
Q

stress fracture

A

small crack in bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

132
Q

transverse fracture

A

break straight across the bone

133
Q

fat embolus

A

can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into blood

134
Q

crepitation

A

grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

135
Q

callus

A

bulging deposit that forms around broken bone as it heals

136
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging - MRI

A

used to image soft tissues structures

137
Q

Bone density testing

A

used to determine losses or changes in bone density

138
Q

ultrasonic bone density testing

A

screening test for osteoporosis - sounds waves take measurement of heel bone

139
Q

dual x-ray absorptiometry

A

low-exposure x-ray of spine and hips to measure done density

140
Q

allogenic bone marrow transplant

A

uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor

141
Q

autologous bone marrow transplant

A

pt receives their own bone marrow cells, which were harvested, cleansed, treated and stored before the remaining bone marrow in pt body is destroyed

142
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

143
Q

arthrolysis

A

surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

144
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical placement of an artificial joint

145
Q

hip resurfacing

A

alternative to removing the head of the femur - metal cap is placed over head of femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum

146
Q

revision sx

A

replacement of a worn or failed implant

147
Q

osteoclasis

A

surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

148
Q

closed reduction

A

attempted realignment of the bone is returned to its normal

149
Q

immobilization

A

act of holding, suturing or fastening bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

150
Q

external fixation

A

fracture treatment procedure where pins are placed thru soft tissue and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing

151
Q

internal fixation

A

fracture tx in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place

152
Q

traction

A

pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. (16 decks)

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