Skeletal System Flashcards
ossification
normal process of bone formation
periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
compact bone
dense, hard and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
spongy bone
porous making it lighter and weaker than compact bone
medullary cavity
central cavity in shaft of long bone where red and yellow bone marrow are stored
endosteum
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
cartilage
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
articular cartilage
convert the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together
meniscus
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
epiphyses
wider ends of long bones
foramen
opening in a bone thru which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass
process
normal projection on the surface of a bone that mostly commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
joints
places of union between 2 or more bones
fibrous joints
hold the bones tightly together and sunset of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue
fontanelles
soft spots on skull of newborn
cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
synovial joint
created where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surround joint
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement of joint possible
ligaments
bands to fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another or joining bone to cartilage
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction where a tendon passes over a bone
axial skeleton
protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems - 80 bones of skull, ossicles of middle ear, hyoid bone between chin and thyroid, rib cage and vertebral column
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and protects organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction - 126 bones of upper and lower extremities
skull
consists of 8 bones of cranium, 14 face bones, 6 bones of middle ear.
cranium
portion of skull that encloses and protects the brain - made up of 8 bones
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium that forms forehead
parietal bones
form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
occipital bones
form the back of the skull and base of cranium
temporal bones
form sides and base of cranium
external auditory meatus
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
sphenoid bone
irregular, wedge shaped bone at base of skull and makes contact with all other cranial bones
ethmoid bone
light spongy bone at roof and sides of the nose
auditory ossicles
3 bones of middle ear
nasal bones
2- form upper part of bridge of nose
zygomatic bones
2- cheekbones
maxillary bones
2-form most of the upper jaw
palatine bones
2-form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
lacrimal bones
2- make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
inferior conshae
2- thin, scroll like bones that form the interior of the nose
vomer bone
forms base for the nasal septum
mandible
jawbone
temporomandible joint
where the mandible attaches to the skull - AKA TMJ
thoracic cavity
AKA ribcage
bony structure that protects the hear and lungs
ribs
attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae - 12 pairs
sternum
flat, dagger shaped bone located in middle of chest and forms front of rib cage
manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
body of the sternum
bony structureforms middle portion of the sternum
xiploid process
cartilage structure that forms the lower portion of the sternum
pectoral girdle
formed by the shoulders and supports the arms and hands
clavicle
slender bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula
scapula
shoulder blade
acromion
extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
humerus
bone of the upper are
radius
smaller and shorter bone of the forearm on the thumb side
ulna
larger and longer bone of the forearm and forms part of elbow joint
olecranon process
aka funny bone
large projection of the upper end of the ulna
carpals
8 bones that form the wrist
metacarpals
5 bones that forms the palms of hand
phalanges
14 bones of the fingers - bones of toe are also phalanges
spinal column
protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
vertebrae
26 bones of the spinal column
lamina
posterior portion of vertebrae
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae -act as shock absorbers and allow movement
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7 - first set of vertebrae and make up the neck
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12 - second set of vertebrae - each has a rib attached to it
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5 - third set of vertebrae - largest and strongest, bear most of the body’s weight
sacrum
slightly curved triangular shaped bone nest the base of the spine that forms lower portion of the back
coccyx
tailbone - forms end of spine
pelvis
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
ilium
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the public bone
sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the scrum and posterior portion of the ilium
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of body when sitting
pubis
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located below bladder
pubic bones
ilium, sacroiliac and pubis - separate at birth but fuse together to create right and left pubic bones
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
acetabulum
aka hip socket
femur
largest bone in body - thigh bone
patella
kneecap
popliteal
describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels and muscles related to this joint are located
cruciate ligaments
make movement of knee possible - anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, form cross shape
tibia
shinbone - large anterior weight bearing bone in lower leg
fibula
smaller of lower leg bones
ankles
joints that connect the lower leg and foot
tarsal boens
7 bones that make up the ankle
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on sides of ankle joint
talus
ankle bone that articulates with tibia and fibula
calcaneus
aka heel bone
metatarsals
5 bones of foot where toes are attached
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or a surgical procedure
adhesive capsulitis
painful ankylosis of the shoulder - aka frozen shoulder
Baker’s cyst
fluid filled sac behind the knee usually from a condition triggering the production of excess synovial fluid
hallux valgus
aka bunion
abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint
polymyalgia rheumatica
inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms and hips and thighs
sprain
when a ligament that connects bones to a point is wrenched or torn
subluxation
partial dislocation of a bone from its joint
osteoarthritis
inflammatory condition of joints associated with aging
osteophytes
bone spurs
spondylosis
degenerative disorder can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function
gout
arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder in which the synovial membranes and other body tissues are inflamed and thickened
ankylosing spondylitis
form of RA that causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
herniated disk
breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
lumbago
pain of the lumbar region of the spine
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
spina bifida
congenital defect when spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
avracular necrosis
area of bone tissue death cause by insufficient blood flow
craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
Paget’s disease
chronic bone disease characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone usually in pelvis, skull, spine and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation
Ricketts
deficiency disease occurring in kids characterized by defective bone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D
short stature (dwarfism)
results from failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
talipes
any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
osteochondroma
benign bony projection covered in cartilage
osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity - assoc. with aging
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density but not yet osteoporosis
compression fracture
when bone is pressed together on itself
Colles’ fracture
fractured wrist at lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing their hands
osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip - usually caused by weakening of the bone
closed fracture
bone is broken but no open wound
open fracture
bone is broken and there is an open wound
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
greenstick fracture
bone is bent and only partially broken - occurs primarily in kids
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
spiral fracture
a fracture in which bone is twisted apart
stress fracture
small crack in bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
transverse fracture
break straight across the bone
fat embolus
can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into blood
crepitation
grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
callus
bulging deposit that forms around broken bone as it heals
Magnetic resonance imaging - MRI
used to image soft tissues structures
Bone density testing
used to determine losses or changes in bone density
ultrasonic bone density testing
screening test for osteoporosis - sounds waves take measurement of heel bone
dual x-ray absorptiometry
low-exposure x-ray of spine and hips to measure done density
allogenic bone marrow transplant
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor
autologous bone marrow transplant
pt receives their own bone marrow cells, which were harvested, cleansed, treated and stored before the remaining bone marrow in pt body is destroyed
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
arthroplasty
surgical placement of an artificial joint
hip resurfacing
alternative to removing the head of the femur - metal cap is placed over head of femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum
revision sx
replacement of a worn or failed implant
osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
closed reduction
attempted realignment of the bone is returned to its normal
immobilization
act of holding, suturing or fastening bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
external fixation
fracture treatment procedure where pins are placed thru soft tissue and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
internal fixation
fracture tx in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place
traction
pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
