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Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

respiratory system

A

supplies the blood with oxygen for transportation to the cells in all arts of the body

removes carbon dioxide and some water waste

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2
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

consists of nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea

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3
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

brachial tree and lungs

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4
Q

nasal septum

A

wall of cartilage that divides the nose into 2 equal sections

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5
Q

cilia

A

thin hairs located inside nostrils to filter incoming air and remove debris

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6
Q

olfactory receptors

A

nerve endings that act as the receptors for sense of smell

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7
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

air filled cavities lines with mucous membranes that 1.make the skull lighter

  1. help produce sound by giving resonance to voice
  2. produce mucus to lubricate the nasal cavity
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8
Q

frontal sinuses

A

in frontal bone above eyebrows

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9
Q

sphenoid sinuses

A

in the sphenoid bone behind eye and under pituitary gland - close to optic nerve

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10
Q

maxillary sinuses

A

largest sinuses, in the maxillary bones under eyes

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11
Q

ethmoid sinuses

A

irregular shaped air cells between nose and eyes

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12
Q

pharynx

A

throat - has 3 divisions; nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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13
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to the nasal vanity and continues downward to behind mouth - used only by respiratory system

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14
Q

oropharynx

A

visible when looking into mouth and transports air, food, and fluids to the laryngopharynx

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15
Q

laryngopharynx

A

food/fluid go to openings of esophagus and air to trachea

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16
Q

larynx

A

triangular chamber located between pharynx and the trachea

AKA voice box

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17
Q

epiglottis

A

lid-like structure at the base of the tongue closes off the laryngopharynx so food doesn’t enter trachea and lungs

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18
Q

trachea

A

used to transport air to and from the lungs

AKA windpipe

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19
Q

bronchi

A

2 large tubes that branch out from the trachea and convey air into the lungs

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20
Q

bronchioles

A

smaller branches of the bronchi

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21
Q

alveoli

A

very small, grape like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole and are where the exchange of oxygen and CO2
AKA air sacs

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22
Q

lungs

A

essential organs for respiration are divided into lobes

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23
Q

right lung

A

larger and has 3 lobes

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24
Q

left lung

A

2 lobes because heart is on that side of body

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25
Q

mediastinum

A

middle section of chest between lungs and contains, heart with its veins and arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland and lymph nodes

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26
Q

pleura

A

thin, moist and slippery membrane that covers the outer surfaces of the lungs and lines the inner surface of thoracic cavity

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27
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer layer of the pleura. lines walls of thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm and forms the sac containing each lung

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28
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer of pleura - attached directly to each lung

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29
Q

pleura cavity

A

thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleura membranes that act as lubricant to allow membranes to slid over each other during respiration

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30
Q

diaphragm

A

dome shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen - the contraction and relaxation of this muscle makes breathing possible

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31
Q

phrenic nerves

A

stimulate diaphragm to cause to contract

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32
Q

respiration

A

AKA breathing

exchange of oxygen for CO2

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33
Q

inhalation

A

act of taking in air as the diaphragm contacts and pulls downward, expanding thoracic cavity

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34
Q

exhalation

A

act of breathing out as diaphragm relaxes and thoracic cavity becomes narrower

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35
Q

external respiration

A

act of bringing air in and out of the lungs form the outside environment

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36
Q

internal repsiration

A

exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissue

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37
Q

thoracic surgeon

A

operates on organs inside the thorax, including lungs, heart and esophagus

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38
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPD

A

ground of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out.

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39
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

disease in which at the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke. Causes excessive mucus and thickening of the walls of the air passages, ->chronic coughing, difficulty getting air in and out and increase risk of bacterial infections

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40
Q

emphysema

A

progressive, long term loss of lung function usually due to smoking. Decrease in total number of alveoli, enlargement of remaining alveoli and progressive destruction of alveoli

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41
Q

asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction

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42
Q

airway inflammation

A

swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus, usually from inhaled allergens

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43
Q

bronchospasm

A

contraction of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut

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44
Q

upper respiratory infections

A

used to describe anyone of 200 different viruses

AKA common cold

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45
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

AKA allergy

allergic reaction to airborne alleges that cause an increased flow of mucus

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46
Q

croup

A

acute respiratory infection in kids and babies characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough

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47
Q

diphtheria

A

acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract that produces toxins that damage heart and surrounding nerves

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48
Q

epistaxis

A

bleeding from nose cause by dry air, injury, meds

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49
Q

pertussis

A

AKA whooping cough
contagious bacterial infection of upper respiratory tract characterized by recurrent bouts of a sudden spasm of coughs followed by breathlessness and noisy inspiration

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50
Q

rhinorrhea

A

runny nose

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51
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinuses

52
Q

pharyngitis

A

AKA sore throat

inflammation of the pharynx

53
Q

laryngospasm

A

sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx

54
Q

aphonia

A

loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

55
Q

dysphonia

A

difficulty in speaking, including hoarseness, any impairment in vocal quality, weakness or voice cracking

56
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx - also used to describe voice loss due to this inflammation

57
Q

tracheorrhagia

A

bleeding form the mucous membranes of the trachea

58
Q

bronchiectasis

A

permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation

59
Q

bronchorrhea

A

excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi, often caused by asthma or chronic bronchitis

60
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura, AKA pleuritis

61
Q

pleurodynia

A

sharp pain then inflamed membranes rub against each other during inhalation

62
Q

pleural effusion

A

excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space and causes a feeling of breathlessness because it prevent the lung from fully expanding

63
Q

pyothorax

A

presence of pus in pleural cavity

64
Q

empyema

A

a collection of pus in a body cavity

65
Q

hemothorax

A

collection of blood in the pleural cavity

66
Q

pneumothorax

A

accumulation of air in the pleural cavity resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse

67
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

lung condition in which inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of oxygen in blood

68
Q

atelectasis

A

AKA collapsed lung

incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax

69
Q

pulmonary edema

A

accumulation of fluid in lung tissue, especially alveoli

70
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery after by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region

71
Q

pneumorrhaia

A

bleeding from the lungs

72
Q

tuberculosis

A

infectious disease that attacks the lungs - pleurisy and coughing up blood can be symptoms

73
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids

74
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles

75
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

affects larger areas of the lungs often including one of more of the lobes

76
Q

aspirational pneumonia

A

occur when a foreign substance like vomit is inhaled

77
Q

community-acquired pneumonia

A

any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside a hospital or clinic

78
Q

walking pneumonia

A

milder but longer lasting pneumonia caused by bacteria

79
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia

A

caused by an opportunistic infection by a yeast like fungus

80
Q

interstitial lung disease

A

~200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and supporting structures

81
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing

82
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

any fibrosis (condition in which normal tissue is replace with hardened tissue) of the lung tissues caused by dust in lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact

83
Q

asbestosis

A

caused by asbestos particles in the lungs

84
Q

silicosis

A

caused by inhaling silica dust

85
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disorder in which lungs and pancreas are clogged with large amounts of thick mucus resulting in damage to lungs, poor growth and nutritional deficiencies

86
Q

eupnea

A

easy or normal breathing

87
Q

apnea

A

temporary absence of spontaneous breathing

88
Q

bradypnea

A

abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually leads than 10 breaths per min

89
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea

90
Q

tachypnea

A

abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually more than 20 breaths/min

91
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

92
Q

hyperpnea

A

breathing that is deeper and more rapid than normal, usually from exertion

93
Q

hypopnea

A

shallow or slow respiration

94
Q

hyperventilation

A

abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration usually associated with anxiety

95
Q

hemoptysis

A

the expectoration of blood or blood stained sputum from the lungs or bronchial tubes as a results of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage

96
Q

anoxia

A

absence if oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is adequate flow of blood

97
Q

hypoxia

A

having deficient levels of oxygen in tissues and organs but less severe than anoxia

98
Q

asphyxia

A

loss of consciousness then body can’t get enough oxygen to function

99
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused by lack of enough oxygen in blood

100
Q

hypercapnia

A

buildup of CO2 in blood

101
Q

hypoxemia

A

having low oxygen levels in blood, usually due to respiratory or heart disorders

102
Q

peak flow meter

A

handheld device asthma patients use to measure air flowing out of the lungs, showing any narrowing of the airway in advance of an attack

103
Q

polysomnography

A

AKA sleep study

104
Q

spirometer

A

recording device that measure amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each

105
Q

pulse oximeter

A

external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in blood

106
Q

sputum

A

phlegm ejected through mouth

107
Q

tuberculin skin testing

A

screening test for tuberculosis - very small amount of PPD tuberculin is injected just under skin and checked for reaction 48-72 hours later

108
Q

antitussive

A

cough medicine

109
Q

bronchodilator

A

inhaled medicine that relaxed and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs - used often by asthma pts

110
Q

metered-dose inhaler

A

gives a specific amount of meds like bronchodilator in aerosol form

111
Q

nebulizer

A

electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through liquid meds to turn it into mist, then inhaled by pt

112
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

passage of a tube through the mouth in to the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, esp when pt is on ventilator

113
Q

functional endoscopic sinus surgery

A

sx using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus

114
Q

laryngotomy

A

surgical incision into larynx when the upper part of the airway is obstructed

115
Q

septoplasty

A

surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum

116
Q

tracheostomy

A

surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanent breathing tube

117
Q

tracheotomy

A

incision is made into the trachea to gain access to airway below a blockage

118
Q

pneumonectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of lung

119
Q

lobectomy

A

surgical removal of a love of an organ, usually lungs, brain, or liver

120
Q

Wedge resection

A

sx in which a small wedge shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue

121
Q

thoracentesis

A

surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleura cavity - removed fluid or air

122
Q

thoracotomy

A

surgical incision into chest walls to open pleural cavity for biopsy or tx

123
Q

diaphragmatic breathing

A

relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety

124
Q

CPAP machine

A

noninvasive ventilation device used in tx of sleep apnea. Face mask uses constant sir pressure in nasal passage, holding airways open

125
Q

BiPAP machine

A

like CPAP machine but can be set to high level for inhalation and lower pressure of exhaling

126
Q

Ambu bag

A

flexible air chamber is squeezed to force air through face mask into lungs
“bagging”

Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. (16 decks)

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