Eyes and Ears Flashcards
adnexa
accessory or adjoining anatomical parts of an organ
eye muscles
superior and inferior oblique muscles
superior and inferior rectus muscles
Lateral and medial rectus muscles
canthus
angle where the upper and lower eyelid meet
cilia
small hairs of eyebrows and lashes
tarsus
framework within the upper and lower lids that provide the stiffness and shape
conjunctiva
mucous membrane that lines underside of eyelid and protective covering of eye
lacrimal apparatus
structures that produce, store, and remove tears
choriod
opaque middle layer of eyeball that contains many blood vessels, supplying blood to eye
sclera
white of eye - maintains shape of eye and protects tissue under - outer layer of eye except where cornea is
retina
sensitive innermost layer lines posterior segment of eye- receives nerve impulses and transmits them to optic nerve
aqueous humor
fills anterior and posterior chambers in anterior segment of eye to nourish intraocular structures
rods
black and white receptors
cones
color receptors
macula
light sensitive area in center of retina that is responsible for sharp central vision
fovea centralis
pit in middle of macula with high concentration of cones and no rods
optic disc
blind spot, region of eye where nerve endings of retinal enter optic nerve
uvea
pigmented layer of eye - consists of rich blood supply, choroid, ciliary body and iris
ciliary body
set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina
iris
color part of eye with muscles that contract and dilate to control amount of light entering thru pupil
cornea
outer surface of eye covering the iris and pupil
convergence
simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other to keep object coming nearing in focus
emmetropia
normal relationship between refractive power of eye and shape of eye to have light rays focus correctly on retina
hordeolum
stye- filled with pus from infection in sebaceous gland
chalazion
cyst caused by obstruction in sebaceous gland
anisocoria
pupils are unequal in size
photopsia
flashing lights
miosis
contraction of pupil
mydriasis
dilation of pupil
nystagmus
involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of eyeball that can be congenital, neurological injury or drugs
papilledema
swelling and inflammation of optic nerve at point of entrance thru optic disk
reunites pigmentosa
progressive degeneration of retina that affects night and peripheral vision - detected by dark, pigmented spots in retina
hemianopia
blindness ins one-hand of visual field
monochromatism
color blindness
nyctalopia
night blindness
esotropia
strabismus with eye(s) crossing inward
exotropia
strabismus with outward deviation of one eye relative to the other
ametropia
any refractive error in which light not properly focus on retina
amblyopia
dimness of vision or partial loss of sight without detectable disease of eye
scotoma
blind spot
cover test
examination of how the 2 eyes work together
ophthalmoscopy
use of ophthalmoscope to perform fungus exam of back of eye - retina, optic disk, choroid and blood vessels
slit-lamp
narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of eye to examine structures at front of eye
PERRLA
Pupils are Equal, Round, Responsive to Light and Accommodation
tarsorrhaphy
suturing together of eyelids to protect eye when lids are unable to close normally
enucleation
removal of eyeball, leaving eye muscles intact
radial keratotomy
treats myopia, surgical incisions are made to cornea to cause it to flatten
sclera buckle
silicone band or sponge used to repair detached retina
photocoagulation
use of a laser to treat some wet AMD by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels
pinna
outer, external part of ear - captures sound waves and transmits them into the external auditory canal
external auditory canal
transmits sound waves from pinna to tympanic membrane
cerumen
earwax - protective functions by trading small debris/dust from entering middle ear
middle ear
transmits sound across the space between outer and inner ear
tympanic membrane
eardrum - transmits sounds by vibrating
mastoid process
temporal bone containing a hollow air space the surrounds the middle ear
auditory ossicles
3 small bones in middle ear
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
eustachian tubes
narrow tubes that lead from middle ear to nasal cavity and throat. Tubes equalize air pressure in middle air to the outside air
inner ear
contain sensory receptors for hearing and balance - the structures are know as the labyrinth
oval window
under base of stapes- membrane that separates the middle ear from inner ear- vibrations enter inner ear here
cochlea
snap-shaped structure of inner ear and where sound vibrations converted into nerve impulses
organ of Corti
receives vibrations from cochlear duct and relays them to auditory nerve fibers
semicircular canals
contain liquid endolymph and sensitive hair cells
acoustic nerves
cranial nerves transmit info to brain
air conduction
sounds waves enter ear thru pinna and travel down external auditory canal to tympanic membrane
bone conduction
eardrum vibrates and causes auditory ossicles to vibrate, transmitting sound to oval window
sensorineural conduction
sound vibrations reach inner ear and relay them to auditory nerve
otomycosis
fungal infection of external auditory canal
barotrauma
pressure related ear condition
cholesteatoma
destructive epidermal cyst in middle ear/mastoid process made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol
infections myringitis
contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on eardrum
otitis media
inflammation of middle ear
otosclerosis
ankylosis of bones in middle ear
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
a shift in location of small crystals in semicircular canals
Meniere’s disease
rare chronic disorder in which amount of fluid in inner ear increases intermittently, causing vertigo and fluctuating hearing loss
acoustic neuroma
brain tumor that develops adjacent to cranial nerve running from brain to inner ear
presbycusis
gradual hearing loss related to age
conductive hearing loss
when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid filled inner ear
sensorineural hearing loss
when auditory nerve or hair cells in inner ear are damaged
audiometry
uses audiometer to measure hearing acuity
tympanometry
use of air pressure in ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear
acoustic reflectometry
measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum, test how much fluid is in middle ear
Weber and Rinne test
uses a tuning fork to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
ear tubes
tiny ventilating tubes placed through eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluid and relieve pressure
vestibular rehab therapy
form of PT designed to treat wide variety of balance problems
assistive listening device
transmits, processes or amplifies count and can be used with or without a hearing aid
cochlear implant
electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve
fenestration
new opening is created in labyrinth to restore lost hearing
hearing aids
electronic devices that are worn to correct hearing loss
