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Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands directly into bloodstream

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones and do not have ducts

pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
4 parathyroid glands
 thymus gland
pancreas
2 adrenal glands
2 gonads (pair of ovaries or testicles)
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3
Q

pituitary gland

A

pea-sized gland that secrete hormones to control the activity of other endocrine glands

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4
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

secreted by anterior lobe pituitary gland

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5
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and growth of ova in the ovaries or the production of sperm
secreted by anterior lobe pituitary gland

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6
Q

growth hormone GH)

A

regulates the growth of bone, muscle and other body tissues

secreted by anterior lobe pituitary gland

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7
Q

lactogenic hormone (LTH)

A

AKA prolactin
stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk
secreted by anterior lobe pituitary gland

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8
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates ovulation or secretion of testosterone

secreted by anterior lobe pituitary gland

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9
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

increases the production of melanin causing darkening of skin pigmentation
secreted by anterior lobe pituitary gland

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10
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

secreted by hypothalamus and stored by pituitary

helps control blood pressure by reducing that amount of water excreted thru kidneys

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11
Q

oxytocin (OXT)

A

stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and controls postnatal hemorrhage and milk flow
secreted by posterior lobe pituitary gland

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12
Q

pineal gland

A

located in central part of brain and secretions influence the sleep-wakefulness cycle

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13
Q

melatonin

A

hormone influences the sleep-wakefulness cycle

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14
Q

thyroid gland

A

located on either side of larynx and primary function to regulate body’s metabolism

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15
Q

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

2 primary thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect growth and rate of function of many other body systems

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16
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone works with parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in blood and tissue by moving calcium into storage in bones and teeth
produced by thyroid gland

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17
Q

parathyroid glands (4)

A

embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland

primary function is to regulate calcium levels in body

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18
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

works with calcitonin to regulate calcium in blood and tissues

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19
Q

thymus

A

located near midline in anterior portion of thoracic cavity - helps develop body’s immune system b4 birth and in childhood.

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20
Q

thymosin

A

secreted by thymus - stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

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21
Q

pancreas

A

feather shaped organ that functions in digestive system and endocrine system

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22
Q

pancreatic islets

A

parts of pancreas with endocrine functions - controls blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism

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23
Q

glucose

A

basic form of energy used by body
aka blood sugar when in bloodstream
secreted by pancreatic islets

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24
Q

glucagon

A

hormone secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose causes liver to convert glycogen into glucose

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25
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in bloodstream

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26
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on top of kidneys with 2 sections, outer portion =adrenal cortex and middle portion=adrenal medulla. primary functions are to control electrolyte levels, help regulate metabolism and interact with sympathetic nervous system in response to stress

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27
Q

electrolytes

A

mineral substances that are normally found in blood and other body fluids

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28
Q

androgens

A

sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex and fat cells - promote development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

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29
Q

corticosteroids

A

steroids hormones produced by adrenal cortex

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30
Q

aldosterone

A

corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by kidneys

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31
Q

cortisol

A

aka hydrocortisone

corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action and regulates metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins

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32
Q

epinephrine

A

aka adrenaline
stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or mental stress
secreted by adrenal medulla

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33
Q

norepinephrine

A

both a hormone and a neurohormone and is important in flight or fight - raises blood pressure, strengthen heartbeat and stimulates muscle contractions
secreted by adrenal medulla

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34
Q

gonads

A

gamete-producing glands - ovaries and testicles - responsible for producing hormones for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics (features that distinguish sexes but unrelated to reproduction)

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35
Q

estrogen

A

hormone important in development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of menstrual cycle

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36
Q

progesterone

A

hormone released in second half of menstrual cycle to complete prep of uterus of possible pregnancy

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37
Q

gamete

A

reproductive cell - sperm and ova

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38
Q

gonadotropin

A

any hormone stimulated by the gonads

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39
Q

testosterone

A

steroid hormone to stimulate development of male secondary sex characteristics

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40
Q

steroid

A

family of hormone-like substances that scar the same fat-soluble chemical structure that are secreted by endocrine glands to relieve swelling and inflammation

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41
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones - used in treatment of male hormone problems are help body replace muscle

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42
Q

leptin

A

protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

43
Q

Grehlin

A

hormone produced in the GI tract sometimes called the hunger hormone

44
Q

Neurohormones

A

produced and released by neurons in the brain and delivered to organs and tissues by bloodstream

45
Q

Acromegaly

A

rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

46
Q

Gigantism

A

abnormal growth of the entire body caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

47
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

excessive secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

48
Q

short stature

A

formerly know as dwarfism - sometimes caused by lack of growth hormone

49
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

pituitary tumors - functioning secrete hormones in large and unregulated doses and nonfunctioning do not produce excessive amounts

50
Q

Galactorrhea

A

condition where excess prolactin causes breasts to produce milk spontaneously

51
Q

Prolactinoma

A

benign tumor of pituitary gland that causes too much prolactin

52
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone or by inability of kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

53
Q

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

A

caused by overproduction of antidiuretic hormone preventing kidney from excreting water

54
Q

Pinealoma

A

tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin

55
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

autoimmune disease in which body’s own antibodies attack and destroy cells of the thyroid

56
Q

hypothyroidism

A

aka underachieve thyroid - caused by deficiency of thyroid secretion - symptoms include fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and decreased metabolic rate

57
Q

cretinism

A

congenital form of hypothyroidism - can cause arrested physical and mental development is treatment is not started soon after birth

58
Q

myxedema

A

aka adult hypothyroidism - extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion

59
Q

thyroid storm

A

rare, life threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

60
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overproduction of thyroid hormones causing increased metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss

61
Q

Grave’s disease

A

immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

62
Q

goiter

A

abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland that produces a swelling in the front of the neck

63
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

64
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

overproduction of the parathyroid hormone which causes the condition hypercalcemia

65
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of parathyroid hormone which causes the condition hypocalcemia

66
Q

hypercalcemia

A

abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in blood stream instead of being stored in bones and teeth leading to weakened bones and kidney stones

67
Q

hypocalcemia

A

abnormally low concentrations of calcium circulating in blood stream

68
Q

thymitis

A

inflammation of the thymus gland

69
Q

insulinoma

A

benign tumor of pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting addition insulin

70
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

71
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high concentration of glucose in blood

72
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

73
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

74
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

75
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

76
Q

hypoinsulinism

A

low concentration of glucose in blood

77
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin or ability to use it properly

78
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

79
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance disorder in that insulin is being produced but body does not use it effectively

80
Q

prediabetes

A

condition in which blood glucose level is higher than normal but not high enough to be type 2 diabetes

81
Q

latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)

A

condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults

82
Q

diabetic coma

A

caused by very high blood sugar glucose

aka diabetic ketoacidosis

83
Q

insulin shock

A

very low blood glucose - treated by giving sugary substance that can be absorbed quickly

84
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

occurs when diabetes adamance tiny blood vessels in retina causing blood to leak into posterior segment

85
Q

ketosis

A

normal metabolic process that helps body utilize stored fat whether source of energy are lacking

86
Q

Addison’s disease

A

when adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones cortisol or aldosterone - characterized by chronic worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low blood pressure, and weight loss

87
Q

adrenalitis

A

inflammation of adrenal glands

88
Q

aldosteronism

A

abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone

89
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

disorder of adrenal glands caused by excessive production of aldosterone

90
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine which regulate heart rate and blood pressure

91
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol - signs include round, red “moon” face

92
Q

hypergonadism

A

condition of excessive amounts of secretion of hormones by sex glands

93
Q

hypogonadism

A

condition of deficient secretion of hormones by sex glands

94
Q

gynecomastia

A

condition of excessive mammary developments in males

95
Q

radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)

A

uses radioactive iodine administer orally to measure thyroid function

96
Q

thyroid-stimulating assay

A

diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone - used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation

97
Q

Hemoglobin A1c

A

blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months

98
Q

fructosamine test

A

measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks

99
Q

human growth hormone

A

synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administer to stimulate growth when natural supply is insufficient

100
Q

hypophysectomy

A

removal of abnormal glandular tissue

101
Q

antithyroid drug

A

medication to slow ability of thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

102
Q

radioactive iodine treatment (RAI)

A

oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells - used to treat cancer and chronic hyperthyroid disorders

103
Q

cortisone

A

synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by adrenal glands

Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. (16 decks)

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