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Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

palate

A

forms the roof of the mouth - 3 parts
Hard palate - roof of mouth with special mucous membranes
soft palate - closes off nasal passage while swallowing
uvula- hangs from edge of soft palate for snoring and some speech sounds

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2
Q

papillae

A

small bumps on tongue that some contain taste buds

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3
Q

dentition

A

natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

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4
Q

occlusion (dentistry)

A

any contact between the chewing surfaces of upper and lower teeth

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5
Q

lower epsophageal sphincter

A

muscular ring between the stomach and the esophagus- relaxes during swallowing to allow food into stomach

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6
Q

stomach

A

sac like organ composed of the

  • fundus (upper, rounded part)
  • body (main part)
  • antrum (lower part)
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7
Q

Rugae

A

folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach that allow it to change size

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8
Q

gastric juices

A

enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in beginning of food digestion

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9
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring like muscle at base of stomach- controls flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of small intestine

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10
Q

pylorus

A

narrow passage connecting stomach and small intestine

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11
Q

duodenum

A

first portion of the small intestine - from pyloric sphincter to jejunum

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12
Q

jejunum

A

middle portion of small intestine - from duodenum to ileum

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13
Q

ileum

A

last and longest portion of small intestine - from jejunum to cecum of large intestine

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14
Q

small intestine

A

coiled organ where nutrients are absorbed into blood stream and food digested

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15
Q

large intestine

A

waste products are processed - from small intestine to anus

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16
Q

cecum

A

pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen- part of large intestine

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17
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

ring like muscle that controls flow from the ileum into the cecum

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18
Q

vermiform appendix

A

hangs from lower portion of cecum

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19
Q

colon

A

longest portion of the large intestine, has 4 parts

  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon- s shaped and joins rectum
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20
Q

rectum

A

las 4 inches of large intestine, widest division of large intestine and ends at anus

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21
Q

anus

A

lower opening of the digestive tract

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22
Q

liver

A

largest organ- removes toxins from blood and turns food into fuel and nutrients

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23
Q

glucogen

A

form of glucose stored in liver and muscles that is reverted back into glucose by liver when blood sugar is low

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24
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment excreted into digestive fluid, yellow or green

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25
Q

bile

A

digestive juice secreted by liver in the digestion of fat, concentrated and stored in gallbladder

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26
Q

biliary tree

A

provides channels thru bile is transported from liver to small intestine

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27
Q

gallbladder

A

pear shaped organ that stores and concentrates bile

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28
Q

pancreas

A

gland that secretes pancreatic juices aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acid

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29
Q

anaboloism

A

building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

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30
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of body cells or substances releasing energy and CO2

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31
Q

villi

A

finger-like projections that line the small intestine- contains blood vessels and lacteals to absorb nutrients into blood stream and fats/fat soluble vitamins (lacteals transport these vis lymphatic system)

32
Q

peristalsis

A

series of wave-like contractions of smooth muscles that moves food forward

33
Q

borborygmus

A

rumbling noise caused by gas moving in intestine

34
Q

aphthous ulcers

A

canker sores

35
Q

cheilosis

A

disorder of the lips characterized by crack like sores and corners of mouth

36
Q

leukoplakia

A

white, usually benign lesion on tongue or inside of mouth that develop due to chronic irritation

37
Q

trismus

A

any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma , surgery or radiation

38
Q

dental caries

A

cavity - infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of tooth

39
Q

edentulous

A

without teeth - after natural permanent teeth are lost

40
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

41
Q

dental calulus

A

tartar- dental plaque that has calcified and irritate the surrounding tissue

42
Q

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

A

abnormal growth of bacteria that causes progressive inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration and death of gum tissue

43
Q

eosinophilic esophagitis

A

chronic immune system disease in which eosinophil white blood cells build up in esophagus, usually due to a food allergy, causing inflammation making it difficult to swallow

44
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

cells in the epithelial tissue of esophagus are damaged by chronic exposure to acid

45
Q

stricture

A

abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage

46
Q

pyrosis

A

heartburn

47
Q

esophageal varices

A

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

48
Q

hiatal hernia

A

anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward thru diaphragm

49
Q

gastroparesis

A

muscles of the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing stomach from emptying normally

50
Q

gastrorrhea

A

excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus

51
Q

peptic ulcers

A

sore of mucous membranes of digestive system

52
Q

cachexia

A

physical wasting away due to illness - its are eating but body unable to absorb enough nutrients

53
Q

areophagia

A

e swallowing of air while eating or drinking causing gas in stomach

54
Q

eructation

A

burping

55
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal number of diverticulum in colon

56
Q

ileus

A

partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine cause by stopping the peristalsis of this area of intestine

57
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic condition with repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

58
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

chronic autoimmune disease that is usually found in ileum and colon and perpetrates every layer of tissue of affected area causing swelling and scarring

59
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine on itself causing obstruction

60
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

61
Q

inguinal hernia

A

protrusion of a small loop of bowels through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

62
Q

strangulated hernia

A

portion of intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia by cutting off blood supply

63
Q

clostridium difficile

c. diff

A

bacterial infection usually in older adults in hospital settings following use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria

64
Q

rectocele

A

bulging of the front of the rectum into the vagina, usually a result of pregnancy or childbirth

65
Q

hematochezia

A

bright red blood in stool- lower intestinal tract

66
Q

melena

A

black, tarry would smelling stools cause by digested blood - bleeding in upper GI tract

67
Q

steatorrhea

A

excess fat in stool

68
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of watery fluid (serous) in the peritoneal cavity usually from liver disease and puts pressure on liver’s blood vessels

69
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver degenerative disease characterized by scarring filled with fat

70
Q

gallstone

A

hard deposit formed in the gallstone and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components

71
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence of gallstones

72
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

decrease amount of acid produced by stomach - for GERD pts

73
Q

antiemetic

A

med to relieve/prevent vomiting

74
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical connection between 2 hollow or tubular structures

75
Q

proctopexy

A

surgical fixation of a fallen or droopy (prolapsed) rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 8th Ed. (16 decks)

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