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Histologia Junqueira's > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

La sangre llega al riñón por medio de

A

La arteria renal, rama directa de la aorta abdominal

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2
Q

Histologicamente el hilio del riñón corresponde a

A

Médula del riñón

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3
Q

Las ramas que irradian a través de la médula renal se arquean entre la médula y la corteza donde producen cerca de un millón de ramas llamadas

A

Arteriolas aferentes

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4
Q

Cada arteriola aferente da origen a

A

Glomerulo renal

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5
Q

Es un ovillo capilar que desemboca en la arteriola eferente

A

Glomerulo

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6
Q

La sangre de la arteriola eferente sale del riñón a través de la médula renal constituyendo

A

Los vasos venosos del sistema de vasos rectos medulares

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7
Q

La unidad funcional del riñón

A

Nefrona

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8
Q

Numero de nefronas en cada órgano

A

Alrededor de un millón

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9
Q

La Nefrona está constituida por

A 
Glomerulo
Espacio de Bowman 
Cápsula de Bowman (hoja parietal)
Tubulo contorneado proximal
Porción descendente delgada del asa de Henle
Porción ascendente gruesa del asa de Henle
Tubulo contorneado distal
Tubulo colector
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10
Q

En el glomerulo, el plasma de la sangre por mecanismos hidrodinamicos se sale de los capilares glomerulares constituyendo

A

Ultrafiltrado glomerular donde cae al espacio de Bowman

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11
Q

Esta delimitado por la cápsula de Bowman

A

Espacio de Bowman

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12
Q

Es una esfera que comunica con el inicio del tubulo contorneado distal

A

Cápsula de Bowman

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13
Q

El tubulo contorneado proximal absorbe

A

Proteinas, glucosa, sodio, agua ,cloro

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14
Q

El tubulo contorneado proximal deja la corteza y en la médula se continúa con

A

La porción descendente o delgada del asa de Henle

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15
Q

El asa de Henle es

A

Permeable al agua

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16
Q

El agua que pasa al intersticio medular renal es drenada por

A

Los vasos rectos que rodean al asa de Henle

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17
Q

A medida que el contenido luminal del asa de Henle penetra en la médula renal

A

Pierde agua

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18
Q

La porción ascendente del asa de Henle es impermeable al agua pero permeable a los iones especialmente

A

Sodio y cloro

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19
Q

Cuando el asa de Henle se acerca a la corteza hay un aumento de

A

Concentración de agua

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20
Q

Ya en la corteza el asa de Henle se continúa con

A

Tubulo contorneado distal

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21
Q

En el tubulo contorneado distal se extrae

A

Sodio, cloro y potasio del ultra filtrado y se continúa con el tubulo colector

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22
Q

El agua extraída del tubulo colector pasara al

A

interticio medular y caerá en los vasos rectos

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23
Q

La permeabilidad al agua en el tubulo colector es regulada por la presencia o ausencia de

A

La ADH

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24
Q

Si esta presente la ADH

A

Saca agua desde su luz al interticio medular

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25
Q

Si la ADH esta ausente

A

el agua permanece en el tubulo colector y es orinada

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26
Q

Es un tubo por ello se ve dos franjas de urotelio

A

Ureter

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27
Q

Es un recipiente muy grande en el que solo se verá una franja de urotelio

A

Vejiga

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28
Q

Se encarga de dotoxificar el plasma de la sangre

A

Sistema urinario

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29
Q

Regulation of arterial blood pressure , protease by cleaving circulating angiotesinogen to angiotensin by secretion of

A

Renin

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30
Q

Glycoprotein growth factor that stimulates erythrocytes production in red marrow when blood O2 level is low

A

Erythropoietin

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31
Q

Renal funtion that convert vitamin D to active form called

A

Calcitriol or 1,25 dihidroxyvitaminD

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32
Q

The excretory product of kidneys, passes through the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage and then released to the exterior through the urethra

A

Urine

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33
Q

Where nerves enter, the Ureter exits, and blood and lymph vessels enter and exit

A

Hilium

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34
Q

The hilium the upper end of the ureter expandes as the

A

Renal pelvis

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35
Q

The renal pelvis divide into two or three

A

Major calyces

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36
Q

Smaller branch of major calyces

A

Minor calyces

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37
Q

The area surrounding renal pelvis and calyces have

A

Adipose tissue

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38
Q

The renal médula consist of renal pyramids consisting in

A

8-12 conic structures

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39
Q

The renal pyramids are separated from cortex by

A

Renal columns

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40
Q

Constitute a renal lobe

A

Pyramids plus the cortical tissue

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41
Q

Cortical nephrons are located in

A

Cortex

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42
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons (1/7 of the total) are located

A

Close to de medulla and have long loops of Henle

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43
Q

Normal cortical organization is lost and the formation of multiple large fluid filled cysts

A

Polycyctic kidney disease

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44
Q

Renal artery divides around the renal pelvis in

A

Interlobar arteries

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45
Q

Interlobar arteries extend between the renal pyramids toward the cortically junction divide again in

A

Arcuate arteries

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46
Q

Arcuate arteries divide in the base of pyramids in

A

Interlobular arteries

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47
Q

The interlobular arteries arise afferent arterioles forming s plexus called

A

Glomerulus

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48
Q

Blood leaves the glomerular capillaries by efferent arteries which branch again to form

A

Peritubular capillaries

49
Q

From the juxtaglomerular corpuscles near the medulla, efferent arteries Make branches repeatedly to form parallel tassel like bundles od capillary loops called ….. That penetrate deep into the medulla in association with the loop of Henle and collecting ducts

A

Vasa recta

50
Q

Renal function

A

Filtration
Secretion
Reabsortion

51
Q

Inflammation within the glomeruli usually stems from humoral immune reactions involves the deposition of circulating antibody antigen complex elicit local inflammatory response

A

Glomerulonephritis

52
Q

Diameter of a renal corpuscle

A

200 micrometer

53
Q

Surround a renal corpuscle a double walled epithelial capsule called

A

Glomerular (Bowman) capsule

54
Q

Glomerular (Bowman) capsule divide in

A

Visceral layer envelops the glomerular capillaries

Parietal layer forms the surface of the capsule

55
Q

Between the two capsular layers is the…. Which receives the fluid filtered through the capillary wall and visceral layer

A

Capsular or urinary space

56
Q

The visceral layer of a renal corpuscle consist of unusual stellate epithelial cells called… Which with the capillary endothelial cells compose the apparatus for renal filtration

A

Podocytes

57
Q

From the cell body of each Podocytes ……. Extend and curve around a length of glomerular capillary

A

Primary process

58
Q

Each primary process of Podocytes give rise to many parallel secondary process or

A

Pedicels

59
Q

Between the interdigitating Pedicels are enlongated spaces or filtration slip pores (25 to 30) nm wide, spanning adjacent Pedicels and bridging the slit pores are zipper like

A

Slit diaphragm

60
Q

The slit disphragm is composed by proteins called

A

Nephrins

61
Q

Glomerular basement membrane GBM (300 -360 nm) is composed by

A

Fenestrated endothelial cells of capillaries

Podocytes

62
Q

The most substantial part of the filtration barrier that separates the blood from the capsular space forms by fusion of the capillary and Podocytes

A

Glomerular basement membrane

63
Q

This proteins bind integrins of Podocytes and capillaries

A

Laminin and fibronectin

64
Q

Restricts passage of proteins larger about 70kDa

A

Type IV collagen and proteoglycans and polianionic GAGs are abundant and their negative charge restrict filtration of organic anions

65
Q

The glomerular filtration barrier consist

A

Capillary endothelium
Glomerular basement membrane
Filtration slit disphragm

66
Q

Filtrate includes

A

Water, glucose, aminoacids, ions, urea, many hormones, vitamins B and C, ketones, and a very small amounts of proteins

67
Q

Percentage of the blood plasma that entering a glomerulus is filtered into the capsular space.

A

20%

68
Q

The glomerular filter is altered and becomes much more permeable to proteins with the subsequent release of protein into the urine (proteinuria)

A

Diabetes mellitus and Glomerulonephritis

69
Q

Capillaries of each Glomerulus have a total length of

A

1 cm

70
Q

The total amount of circulating plasma averages

A

3L

71
Q

Kidney filter the entire blood volume

A

60 times every day

72
Q

The total glomerular filtration area of an adult has been estimated at

A

500 cm2 and the average Glomerular Filtration Rate at 125 mL/min or 180 L/ d

73
Q

Renal corpuscle cells that are their surrounding matrix giving physical support of capillaries, adjust contraction of blood pressure

A

Mesangial cells

74
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli with lumen often occluded located in the cortex, main function is reabsortion of all organic nutrients, all proteins most water and electrolytes and secretion of anions and cations,H, and NH4

A

Proximal convulated tubule

75
Q

Perform hydroxylation of vitamin D and release to the capillaries

A

Proximal convulated tubule

76
Q

Simple squamous epithelium located in medulla and major function passive reabsortion of Na and Cl

A

Thin limbs loop of Henle

77
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium with no microvilli located in medulla and medullary rayos and major function reabsortion of various electrolytes

A

Thick ascending limb

78
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium, cells smaller than PCT short microvilli and basolateral folds more empty lumen located in cortex and main function is reabsortion of electrolytes

A

Distal convulated tubule

79
Q

Most abundant cuboidal to columnar, pale staining distinct cell membranes

A

Principal cells

80
Q

The thickening and loss of function in the GBM produced as part of the systemic microvascular sclerosis

A

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis

81
Q

Adjust the salt content of the filtrate transport sodium and chloride ions out of the tubule making that compartment hyperosmotic

A

Thick ascending limb

82
Q

Reabsorb sodium chloride NaCl but are impermeable to water

A

Thin ascending limbs

83
Q

Occurs when the affected erythrocytes sickle in the vasa recta because of the low oxygen tension there

A

Sickle cell nephropathy

84
Q

Established by the nephron loop and vasa recta is an important aspect of renal physiology

A

Countercurrent multiplier system

85
Q

The ascending limb of the nephron is straight as it enters the cortex and forms

A

Mácula densa

86
Q

The rate of Na absorption in DCT is regulated by An hormone from the adrenal glands

A

Aldosterone

87
Q

Initial straight part of the DCT contact the arterioles at the vascular pole, its cells become more columnar and closely packed forming the

A

Mácula densa

88
Q

Part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus JGA that utilizes feedback mechanism to regulate glomerular blood flow and keep the rate of glomerular filtration relatively constant

A

Mácula densa

89
Q

The smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole is modified by

A

Juxtaglomerular granular cells with Renin

90
Q

Locate at the vascular pole are extraglomerular mesangial cells that have many of the same supportive contractile and defensive function

A

Lacis cells

91
Q

Cleaves the plasma protein angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, secreted by JG cells

A

Renin

92
Q

Renin Cleaves the plasma protein angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, angiotensin converting enzyme on lungs capillaries clips the further to angiotensin II, a potential vasocnstrictor that raises systemic blood pressure and stimulates the adrenal to secret

A

Aldosterone

93
Q

Promote Na and water reabsortion in the DCT and connecting tubules, which raises blood volume to help increase blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

94
Q

Last part of each nephron

A

Connecting tubule

95
Q

Connecting tubule join together in the cortical medullary rays to form

A

Collecting ducts of simple cuboidal epithelium diameter 40 micrometers

96
Q

In the outer medulla the collecting ducts merge further, running to the tips of the medullary pyramids with increasingly diameters reching 200 micrometers are called

A

Collecting ducts of Bellini

97
Q

In the apex of the pyramids collecting ducts merge further as a

A

Papillary duct which delivers urine to the minor calyx

98
Q

The collecting ducts are composed Mainly of

A

Principal cells

99
Q

Sparse microvilli, most abundant, cuboidal to columnar locate in medulla rays and medulla regulate reabsortion of water and electrolytes , regulated secretion of K, rich in aquaporins

A

Principal cells

100
Q

Hormone released from the pituitary glands as the body becomes dehydrated, males collecting ducts more permeable to water and increase the rate at which water molecules are pulled osmotically from the filtrate

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

101
Q

Help maintained acid-base balance by secreting either H or HCO3, dark stain located in medullary rays

A

Intercalated cells

102
Q

Obstruction in the renal pelvis or calyces usually from calcium salt (oxalate or phosphate) irritate the mucosa and can become large or uric acid

A

Renal canaliculi or kidney stones

103
Q

Problem caused by such stones use to remove ultrasonic shock waves called

A

Lithotripsy

104
Q

Urothelium cells are organized as three layers, also have a lamina propia and Submucosa follow by smooth muscle and adventitia

A

Single layer of small basal cells resting on a very thin basement
An intermediate region of columnar cells
A superficial layer bulbous cell called umbrella cells and proctect underlying cells against cytotoxic effects or hypertonic urine

105
Q

Bacterial infection of the urinary tract can lead to inflammation of renal pelvis and calyces or

A

Pyelonephrotis

106
Q

Umbrella cells apical surface consist of asymmetric unit membranes composed of lipids and proteins call

A

Uroplakins

107
Q

Lamina propia and dense irregular connective tissue are highly vascularized

A

Bladders

108
Q

Bladder in average adult can hold

A

400 to 600 ml of urine with the urge to empty appearing at about 150 to 200 ml

109
Q

Bladder muscularis consist of three poorly delineated layers called

A

Detrusor muscle most distinctly at the neck of bladder near the urethra

110
Q

All urinary passages are covered externally by adventitial layer except

A

The upper part of the bladder that is covered by serous peritoneum

111
Q

Inflammation of the bladder mucosa can be caused by immunodeficiency, urinary chatherization, radiation, or chemotherapy

A

Cystitis

112
Q

Organs mucosa with prominent longitudinal folds

A

Urethra

113
Q

The male urethra is longer consist of three segments

A

Prostatic urethra 3 to 4 cm long extends through the prostate glands line by urothelium
Membranous urethra passes through An external sphincter of striated muscle line by columnar and pseudostratified epithelium
Spongy urethra about 15 cm in length enclosed with erectile tissue of the penis line by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified squamous distally

114
Q

urethra 3 to 4 cm long extends through the prostate glands line by urothelium

A

Prostatic

115
Q

urethra passes through An external sphincter of striated muscle line by columnar and pseudostratified epithelium

A

Membranous

116
Q

urethra about 15 cm in length enclosed with erectile tissue of the penis line by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified squamous distally

A

Spongy

117
Q

The female urethra is … Long

A

4 to 5 cm line initially with urothelium then by stratified squamous epithelium and some areas of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

118
Q

Part of female urethra surrounded by the external striated muscle sphinter

A

Middle part

Histologia Junqueira's (24 decks)

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