Hemopoiesis

Question 1

In the second trimester Hemopoiesis occurs primarily in the developing

Answer 1

Liver with the spleen playing a minor role

Question 2

In third trimester Hemopoiesis takes place in

Answer 2

Marrow of specific bones

Question 3

Throughout childhood and adult life erythrocytes , granulocytes monocytes and platelets continue to form from stems cells located

Answer 3

In Bone marrow

Question 4

Plurimptent cells

Answer 4

Stem cells

Question 5

Stems cells proliferate forming

Answer 5

Progenitor cells

Question 6

Progenitor cells diferenciate in two linages

Answer 6

Lymphoid cells

Mieloid cells

Question 7

Myeloid cells includes

Answer 7

Granulocytes
Monocytes
Erythrocytes
Megakaryocytes

Question 8

The progenitor cells for the blood cells are commonly called

Answer 8

Colony-forming units CFUs

Question 9

Four major types of colony forming units

Answer 9

CFU E
CFU Meg thrombocytic lineage
CFU GM
CFU L

Question 10

Progenitor and precursor cells divide more rapidly producing at

Answer 10

3x10^9 erythrocytes and 0.85x10^9 in human bone marrow

Question 11

Hemopoiesis depends on a microenviroment or niche that are

Answer 11

Specific endocrine
Paracrine
Juxtacrine factors

Question 12

Also call Cytokines, are glycoproteins that stimulate proliferation of progenitor and precursor cells and promote cell differentiation and maduration with specific lineages

Answer 12

Colony stimulating factors CSF

Question 13

Each progenitor cell/CFU lineage produce

Answer 13

Precursor cells

Question 14

Bones marrow is found in

Answer 14

The medullary canals of long Bones and in the small cavities of cancellous bone

Question 15

Two types of Bones

Answer 15

Red bone marrow

Yellow bone marrow

Question 16

Blood forming whose color is produce by An abundance of blood and hemopoietic cells

Answer 16

Red bone marrow

Question 17

Bone marrow which is filled with adipocytes that excude most hematopoietic cells

Answer 17

Yellow bone marrow

Question 18

In early embryo these blood cells arise in the

Answer 18

Yolk sac mesoderm

Question 19

Yellow marrow reverts to red when

Answer 19

A sever bleeding or hipoxia

Question 20

Red bone marrow contains a

Answer 20

reticular connective tissue ,Stroma, hemopoietic cords, or islands of cell and sinusoidal capillaries

Question 21

is a meshwork of specialized fibroblastic cells called …, and a delicate web of reticular fibers supporting the hematopoyetic cells and macrophage

Answer 21

Stromal cells, also called reticular or adventitial cells

Question 22

The matrix of bone marrow also contains

Answer 22

Collagen Type I, proteoglycans, fibronectin and laminin the latter glycoprotein interacting with integrins to bind cells to the matrix

Question 23

The red marrow is also a site where

Answer 23

Older, defective erythrocytes undergo phagocytosis by macrophages which then reprocess hemebound iron for delivery to the differentiating erythrocytes

Question 24

The major activities that regulates activities and cytokine secretion of many leukocytes and other cells and important source is in macrophages and T helper cells

Answer 24

Interleukin 1 IL 1

Question 25

The major activities is in mitogen for activated T and B cells, promotes differentiation of NK cells

Answer 25

Inteleukin 2

Question 26

Mitogen for all granulocytes and Megakaryocytes progenitor cells

Answer 26

Interleukin 3

Question 27

Promotes development of Basophils and mast cells and B lymphocytes activation

Answer 27

Interleukin 4

Question 28

Promotes development and activation of Eosinophils

Answer 28

Interleukin 5 or Eosinophils differentiation factor EDF

Question 29

Mitogen for many leukocytes , promotes activation of B cells and regulatory T cells

Answer 29

Interleukin 6

Question 30

Major mitogen for all lymphoid stem cells

Answer 30

Interleukin 7

Question 31

The hematopoietic niche in marrow includes

Answer 31

Stroma Osteoblast Megakaryocytes

Question 32

Secret various CSF

Answer 32

Stromal cells and bone cells

Question 33

Stromal cells produce

Answer 33

ECM

Question 34

Between the hematopoietic cord run..... Which have discontinuous endothelium, through which newly differentiated blood cells and platelets enter the circulation

Answer 34

Sinusoids

Question 35

Erythropoiesis Consist in

Answer 35

``` Cell and nuclear volume decrease Chromatin density increases Gradual decrease in the number of polyribosomes Increase in the amount of hemoglobin Organelles disappear ```

Question 36

The development of An erythrocytes from its first recognizable progenitor cell to the release of reticulocytes into the blood takes approximately

Answer 36

1 week

Question 37

A growth factor produced by cells in the kidney stimulates the production of mRNA for globins,

Answer 37

Erythropoietin

Question 38

The protein components of hemoglobin and is essential for the production of erythrocytes

Answer 38

Globins

Question 39

A large cell with loose, lacy chromatin, nucleoli, and Basophilic cytoplam, the distinct progenitor cell of the erythroid series is the

Answer 39

Proerythroblast

Question 40

More strongly Basophilic Cytoplasm and a condensed nucleus with no visible nucleolus. The basophilia is caused by the large number of polysomes synthesizing hemoglobin

Answer 40

Basophilic erythroblast

Question 41

Producing regions of both basophilia and acidophilia in the cell now called

Answer 41

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

Question 42

The cell and nuclear volumes continue to condense and no basophilia is evident resulting una uniformly Acidophilic Cytoplasm

Answer 42

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast also called normoblast

Question 43

The cells ejects its nucleus which is then phagocytosed by macrophage , the cells till has a small number of polyribosomes is called

Answer 43

Reticulocytes

Question 44

Reticulocytes constituted ..% of the red blood cells circulating

Answer 44

1%

Question 45

Involves cytoplasmatic changes dominated by synthesis of proteins for the azurophilic granules and specific granules

Answer 45

Granulopoiesis

Question 46

Contains lysosomal hydrolases stain with basic dyes and are basically similar in the three types of granulocytes

Answer 46

Azurophilic granules

Question 47

Is the most immature recognizable cell in the myeloid series, disperse chromatin and faint nucleoli

Answer 47

Myeloblast

Question 48

Basophilic Cytoplasm and azurophilic granules containing lysosomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase, actívate different set of genes resulting in lineage of the three types of granulocytes

Answer 48

Promyelocytes

Question 49

The first visible sign of this differentiation appears in the

Answer 49

Myelocytes

Question 50

Stage in which specific granules gradually increase the number and eventually occupy most of the cytoplasm

Answer 50

Metamyelocyte

Question 51

Before its complete maturation the neutrophilic granulocytes passes through an intermediate stage, in which the nucleus is elongated but not yet polymorphic.

Answer 51

Band cell or stab cell

Question 52

The appearance of large Numbers of immature neutrophils (band cells) in the blood, sometimes called a "shift to the left" is clinically significant usually indicating a

Answer 52

Bacterial infection

Question 53

The total time required for a myeloblast to produce mature, circulating neutrophils ranges from

Answer 53

10 to 14 days

Question 54

Four functionally and anatomically defined compartments

Answer 54

The granulopoietic compartment in active marrow Storage as mature cells in marrow until release The circulating population A population undergoing margination

Question 55

Inflamed connective tissues thus form a fifth terminal compartment for neutrophils where

Answer 55

The cells reside for a few days and then die by apoptosis

Question 56

No cytoplasmic granules

Answer 56

Myeloblast

Question 57

Azurophilic granules being secreted in golgi apparatus in granulopoiesis

Answer 57

Promyelocyte

Question 58

Moderate number of azurophilic granules and initial production of specific granules in golgi zone

Answer 58

Myelocytes

Question 59

Abundant specific granules and dispersed azurophilic granules and golgi apparatus reduced

Answer 59

Metamyelocyte

Question 60

An increase in the number of circulating neutrophils can be..., can cause neutrophils in the marginating compartment to move to the circulating compartment

Answer 60

Intense muscular activity | Administration of epinephrine

Question 61

A large cell with Basophilic cytoplasm and a large, slightly indented nucleus, nucleoli are evident

Answer 61

Promonocyte

Question 62

Promonocyte divide twice as they develop into

Answer 62

Monocytes

Question 63

Monocytes circulate in blood for several hours and enter tissues where they mature as

Answer 63

Macrophage and function for up to several months

Question 64

Circulating lymphocytes originate mainly in

Answer 64

The thymus and the peripheral lymphoid organs

Question 65

Lymphoid organs

Answer 65

Spleen Lymph nodes Tonsil

Question 66

All lymphocyte progenitor cells originate

Answer 66

In the bone marrow

Question 67

The first identifiable progenitor of lymphoid cells is the

Answer 67

Lymphoblast

Question 68

A large cell capable of dividing two or three times to form

Answer 68

Lymphocytes

Question 69

Compartment in the bone marrow with developing progenitor cells

Answer 69

Granulopoietic

Question 70

(Reserve) compartment, also in red marrow, acts as a buffer system, capable of releasing large Numbers of mature neutrophils as needed. Trillions of neutrophils typically move from marrow to the bloodstream every day

Answer 70

Storage

Question 71

Compartment, in which cells temporarily do not circulate but. Rather accumulate temporarily at the surface of the endothelium in venules and small veins with a half life cells in these two compartments less than 10 hours

Answer 71

Marginating

Question 72

The Granulopoietic and storage compartment together include cells in approximately the first

Answer 72

14 days

Question 73

Are malignant clones of leukocytes precursor

Answer 73

Leukemias

Question 74

Are malignant clones of leukocytes precursor in both limphoid tissue

Answer 74

Lymphoblastic Leukemias

Question 75

Are malignant clones of leukocytes precursor and bone marrow

Answer 75

Myelogenous Leukemias

Question 76

A needle is introduced through the compact bone,typically at the iliac crest, and a sample of marrow is withdrawn.

Answer 76

Bone marrow aspirations

Question 77

Megakaryoblasts which differentiate in Megakaryocytes in a Process driven by

Answer 77

Thrombopoietin

Question 78

The megakaryoblast diameter, with a large ovoid or kidney shaped nucleus

Answer 78

25 to 50 micrometer

Question 79

Before differentiating these cells undergo endomitosis with repeated round DNA replication not separated by cell division resulting in a nucleus that is highly polyploid

Answer 79

64N

Question 80

Megakaryocytes are giant cells,up to ... In diameter

Answer 80

150 micrometer with a large irregularly lobulated polyploid nuclei

Question 81

To form platelets, Megakaryocytes extend several long >100 micrometer branching processes called..., celular extensions penetrate the sinusoidal endothelium and are exposed in the circulating blood of the Sinusoids

Answer 81

Proplatelets

Question 82

Internally Proplatelets have

Answer 82

Framework of actin filaments and loosely bundled, mix polarity microtubules along which membrane vesicles

Question 83

Mature Megakaryocytes have numerous invaginations of plasma membrane ramifying throughout the cytoplasm called

Answer 83

Demarcation membranes

Question 84

A reduction in the number of circulating platelets

Answer 84

Thrombocytopenia

Question 85

Deficiencies of folic acid or vitamin B12

Answer 85

Ineffective megakaryopoiesis

Question 86

The color of small spots or petechiae in the skin from poorly inhibited bleeding

Answer 86

Thrombocytopenic purpura