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Histologia Junqueira's > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Es un vaso sanguíneo que sale del corazón

A

Arteria

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2
Q

Es un vaso sanguíneo que llega al corazón

A

Vena

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3
Q

Cuantos litros hay aproximadamente en el cuerpo humano

A

5,000 ml de sangre, en la mujer hay poco menos que en el hombre

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4
Q

La sangre está formada por dos fases

A

Una fase sólida llamada elementos formes o figurados

Una fase liquida llamada plasma

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5
Q

Pequeña muestra necesaria para el estudio de la sangre

A

Alicuota

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6
Q

La porción sólida equivale al ..% del volumen total

A

43%

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7
Q

% de eritrocitos de la porción sólida de la sangre

A

99%

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8
Q

Fracción de eritrocitos precipitados se denomina, se expresa como una porción del total del centrifugado

A

Hematocrito

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9
Q

El hematocrito fluctúa en el ..% del total

A

50%

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10
Q

Un menisco entre el hematocrito y el plasma constituye el centrifugado de los .., equivale al 1% del total del centrifugado

A

Leucocitos y plaquetas

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11
Q

En el adulto varón el hematocrito normal fluctúa desde

A

El 41% hasta 53%

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12
Q

En la mujer adulta normal el hematocrito oscila

A

Del 36% al 43%

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13
Q

La porción sólida está formada por

A

Eritrocito
Plaquetas
Celulas monomorfonucleares
Celulas polimorfonucleares

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14
Q

Extendido sanguíneo en el que se coloca una gota de sangre sobre un portaobjetos empleando su borde se coloca angulado al primero y se extiende en forma rápida, uniforme y única hacia el otro extremo de la laminilla

A

Frotis

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15
Q

Frotis se deja secar al aire y posteriormente se tiñe con colorante

A

De Wright

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16
Q

No son celulas, debido a que no tiene nucleo, ni tienen la capacidad de reproducirse y no reacciona a estímulos

A

Eritrocito

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17
Q

Le da el color característico al eritrocito

A

Hemoglobina

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18
Q

Función principal de la hemoglobina

A

Acarrear oxigeno

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19
Q

Vida de un eritrocito

A

120 días, llega al bazo donde es captado y degradado para que sus componentes sean reciclados

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20
Q

Todos los macrofagos derivan de

A

Monocito

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21
Q

La ingesta de material por el monocito o el macrofago se llama

A

Fagocitosis

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22
Q

El proceso de fagocitosis y degradación del eritrocito se denomina

A

Hemocateresis

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23
Q

La mayoría de la hemocateresis ocurre en

A

El bazo llamada hemocateresis esplenica

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24
Q

Cantidad precisa de eritrocitos en el hombre fluctúa entre

A

4.5 y 5.9 millones/ mm3

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25
Q

Cantidad precisa de eritrocitos en la mujer fluctúa entre

A

4.0 a 5.2 millones/mm3

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26
Q

Los Ec son de forma… Debido a la ausencia de nucleo

A

De disco bicóncavo

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27
Q

Diámetro de un eritrocito

A

7.2 micrómetros

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28
Q

Espesor mayor de un eritrocito

A

2.1 micrómetros

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29
Q

Espesor en el centro de un eritrocito

A

1.2 micrómetros

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30
Q

Debido a su forma le da dos funciones especiales que son

A

Le incrementa la superficie de contacto con el plasma lo cual le permite una mayor intercambio de oxígeno y algo de dióxido de carbono
Le permite moldear su forma al paso por los capilares

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31
Q

Cuando el eritrocito se encuentra a una misma concentración de solutos en el medio extracelular que intracelular manteniendo su forma

A

Medio isotonico

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32
Q

El liquido tiende a salir de la estructura para tratar de compensar sutilmente las concentraciones extracelulares, vaciando su contenido liquido cambiando la forma del eritrocito a estrella o espinado

A

Medio hipertonico

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33
Q

Eritrocito con forma de estrella o espinado, fenómeno conocido como

A

Crenacion

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34
Q

El eritrocito el crenacion recibe el nombre de

A

Crenocito

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35
Q

Cuando el eritrocito se encuentra con menor concentración de solutos en el exterior que en el interior y trata de compensar y debido a la osmolaridad el liquido entra al eritrocito lo cual hace que adopte una forma esférica y posteriormente se rompa

A

Medio hipotonico

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36
Q

En un medio hipotonico al romperse el eritrocito libera la hemoglobina y deja únicamente el esqueleto de su membrana plasmatica conocido como

A

Eritrocito fantasma

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37
Q

Solo ocurre in vitro, los eritrocitos se agrupan uno detrás de otro como si fueran monedas apiladas y esto se conoce como fenómeno de…, se produce probablemente debido a los cambios en la carga eléctrica de la superficie del eritrocito

A

Rouleaux

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38
Q

Cuando se incrementa el número de eritrocitos

A

En una enfermedad o un estado de estrés en el cual requiere de mayor oxigenación

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39
Q

En una excesiva demanda de eritrocitos, se liberan glóbulos rojos aun no maduros que no han perdido su núcleo estas células se les conoce como

A

Eritroblastos

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40
Q

Cuando los eritrocitos cambia de tamaño en condiciones de enfermedad se les conoce como

A

Anisocitosis

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41
Q

Cuando los eritrocitos son de mayor tamaño o grandes se llaman

A

Macrociticos

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42
Q

Cuando los eritrocitos son de menor tamaño

A

Microcitos

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43
Q

Al cambio en la forma del eritrocito se le conoce como

A

Poiquilocitosis

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44
Q

Cuando los eritrocitos son formados con menores cantidades de Hb y se ven mas pálidos de lo normal son llamados

A

Hipocromicos

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45
Q

Cuando los eritrocitos tienen una cantidad adecuada de Hb se les llama

A

Normocromicos

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46
Q

Las plaquetas su cifra normal oscila entre

A

150,000 a las 450,000/mm3

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47
Q

Diámetro de las plaquetas

A

2.0 micrómetros

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48
Q

Son pedazos de citoplasma de una célula gigantesca que se llama megacariocito

A

Plaquetas

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49
Q

Función principal de las plaquetas

A

Coágulacion

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50
Q

Region mas gruesa de las plaquetas se llama …, la cual se tiñe de un color purpura intenso

A

Granulomero o cromomero

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51
Q

Region periférica mas delgada y pálida de las plaquetas

A

Hialomero

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52
Q

Los glóbulos blancos son

A

Leucocitos

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53
Q

Los leucocitos se dividen en

A

Granulocitos

Agranulocitos

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54
Q

Tienen un nucleo con formas caprichosas llamados polimorfonucleares es un tipo de leucocitos se llama

A

Granulocitos

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55
Q

Tienen el nucleo de forma ortodoxa llamados monomorfonucleares

A

Agranulocitos

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56
Q

Cifra normal de leucocitos fluctúa entre

A

4500 a 11500 leucocitos/mm3

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57
Q

Es un tejido fluido que se encuentra contenida en los vasos sanguíneos,arteriales y venosos

A

Sangre

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58
Q

Estudio para averiguar la numeración de los eritrocitos de una persona

A

Ht

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59
Q

La concentración de su Hb y su cuenta de leucocitos es lo que se llama

A

Biometria hamatica o BH

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60
Q

Los agranulocitos son dos

A

Linfocitos

Monocitos

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61
Q

Los granulocitos son tres

A

Eosinofilos
Basofilos
Neutrofilos

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62
Q

Leucocitos más abundantes en la sangre,la celula más abundante en la sangre es el

A

Neutrofilo

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63
Q

Proporcion de leucocitos varía entre

A

40% y un 70 % del total de leucocitos o 55% al 65%

3000 -5250/mm3

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64
Q

Segundo leucocitos más abundante

A

Linfocitos

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65
Q

% de linfocitos

A

22% al 44%

1650 - 3300/mm3

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66
Q

Representan el tercer tipo más abundante de leucocitos

A

Monocitos

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67
Q

Los monocitos representan

A

4% al 11%

300-825/mm3

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68
Q

Cuarto tipo de leucocitos más abundante

A

Eosinofilo

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69
Q

Cantidad de eosinofilo presente

A

0% al 8%

0-600/mm3

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70
Q

Celula menos abundante de la sangre

A

Basofilos

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71
Q

Los basofilos llegan a representar

A

0-3%

0 -225/mm3

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72
Q

Involucrados en la respuesta inflamatoria de tipo agudo , celulas redondeadas, su nucleo es polimorfonuclear y su citoplasma exhibe granulos neutrofilos y su nucleo presenta 3 lóbulos

A

Neutrofilos

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73
Q

Celulas redondeadas con un diámetro de 12 a 15 micrómetros de diámetro con un nucleo bilobulado unido por una hebra de cromatina, con granulos que generalmente se ven de color rojo

A

Eosinofilo

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74
Q

Celulas mas raras de toda la sangre, mide de 12 a 15 micrómetros de diámetro, redondeadas, su nucleo tiene de dos a tres lóbulos que pueden representar la forma de una S y que pocas veces es visible ya que los granulos lo cubren

A

Basofilos

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75
Q

Son celulas pequeñas y redondas de 7 micrómetros de diámetro , escaso citoplasma por lo que el nucleo ocupa casi toda la celula, celula principal del sistema inmune

A

Linfocitos

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76
Q

Dos variedades de linfocitos

A

Linfocitos B

Linfocitos T

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77
Q

Linfocitos capacitados en la médula ósea roja serán

A

Linfocitos B (bone marrow)

78
Q

Todos los linfocitos nacen de

A

Médula ósea roja MOR

79
Q

Linfocitos capacitados en el timo

A

Linfocitos T

80
Q

Se encargan de la respuesta inmunológica de tipo humoral

A

Linfocitos B

81
Q

Responsable de la respuesta inmunológica de tipo celular

A

Linfocitos T

82
Q

Son celulas redondas de 8 a 12 micrómetros con un nucleo grande que presenta una escotadura lo cual tiene forma de riñón, frijol o herradura, con cromatina con granulos finos alternando porciones de eucromtina con heterocromatina

A

Monocitos

83
Q

Tres o más lóbulos

A

Neutrofilos

84
Q

Dos lóbulos

A

Eosinofilo

85
Q

Chiquito, redondo y basofilo

A

Linfocitos

86
Q

Grande mide de 2 a 3 eritrocitos

A

Monocitos

87
Q

Plasma proteins reacts to produce a clot, which includes formed elements and a pale yellow liquid called

A

Serum

88
Q

Collected blood in which clotting is prevented by the addition of anticoagulant like

A

Heparin or citrate

89
Q

Erithrocytes Make up the sedimented material and their volume normally about

A

45% called hematocrit

90
Q

Plasma is the straw colored, translucent, slightly viscous comprising..%

A

55%

91
Q

CO2 is carried in solutions as

A

CO2 and HCO3

92
Q

Blood participate in

A

Heat distribution
Regulation of body temperature
Maintenance of acid -base and osmotic balance

93
Q

Plasma is An aqueous solution with a pH

A

7.4

94
Q

Nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogeneous waste products, hormones and inorganic ions in plasma is called

A

Electrolytes

95
Q

Plasma proteins include

A

Albumin
Alpha globulins and beta globulins
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins

96
Q

The must abundant plasma protein, made in the liver and serves to mantain the osmotic pressure of the blood, contribute to blood viscosity, binds and transports some fatty acids, electrolytes hormones and drugs

A

Albumin

97
Q

Protein made by the liver and other cells include transferrin, fibrinogen, prothrombin and lipoproteins

A

Alpha and beta globulins

98
Q

Plasma proteins which are immunoglobulins secreted by plasma cells in many locations

A

Gamma globulins

99
Q

The largest plasma protein also made in the liver which during clotting polymerizes as insoluble cross linked fibers of fibrin that block the blood loss from small vessels, participate in blood coagulation

A

Fibrinogen

100
Q

System of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

A

Complement proteins

101
Q

%water in plasma

A

92%

102
Q

% of proteins in plasma

A

7%

103
Q

% of Albumin

A

58%

104
Q

% of globulins in plasma

A

37%

105
Q

% of fibrinogen in plasma

A

4%

106
Q

% of regulatory proteins in plasma

A

1%

107
Q

Blood smears are routinely stained with special mixtures of acid and basic dyes that are

A

Eosin

Methylene blue

108
Q

Stains used to Study blood

A

Giemsa and Wright

109
Q

A tube of centrifugation (center) has % of its volume represented by erythrocytes

A

36% to 53%

110
Q

Transport lipids and some metal ions

A

Alpha globulins

111
Q

Transport iron ions and lipids in bloodstream

A

Beta globulins

112
Q

% of oxygen dissolved in plasma

A

> 2%

113
Q

%of oxigen bound to hemoglobin within erythrocytes

A

98%

114
Q

% of CO2 dissolved in plasma

A

~7%

115
Q

% of CO2 bound to hemoglobin within erythrocytes

A

~27%

116
Q

% of CO2 converted to HCO3

A

~66%

117
Q

Is a condition of having a concentration of erythrocytes below the normal range , symptoms include lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue,skin pallor and heart palpitation

A

Anemia

118
Q

An increase concentration of erythrocytes in blood

A

Erythrocytosis or polycythemia

119
Q

Diameter of An erythrocytes

A

7.5 micrometers

120
Q

Thick at the rim of An erythrocytes

A

2.6 micrometer

121
Q

Thick in the center of erythrocytes

A

0.75 micrometers

122
Q

Normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood in women

A

3.9 to 5.5 million per microliter

123
Q

Normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood in men

A

4.1 - 6.0 millions / microliters

124
Q

The membrane of An erythrocytes are

A

40% lipid
10%carbohydrate
50%proteins

125
Q

The anion transporter that is located in cell membrane

A

Band 3 proteins and glycophorin A

126
Q

Dimers of which form a lattice bound to underlying actin filaments that is a peripheral proteins

A

Spectrin

127
Q

Anchors the lattice to the glycoproteins and band 3 proteins

A

Ankyrin

128
Q

Altered hemoglobin called .., is deoxygenated in capillaries, it polymerizes causing sickle shape, An alterations by a mutation of one nucleotide

A

HbS

129
Q

Human erythrocytes normally survive in the circulation for about

A

120 days

130
Q

Granulocytes two major types of cytoplasmic granules

A

Lysosomes (azurophilic granules in blood cells)

Specific granules

131
Q

Agranulocytes contain azurophilic granules with affinity for the basic

A

Stain azure A

132
Q

are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells, can also be involved in autocrine signaling. include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, tumour necrosis factor but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some terminologic overlap),are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells;

A

Cytokines

133
Q

son unos gránulos de almacenamiento que poseen las células del endotelio que revisten el interior de los vasos sanguíneos y del corazón. Almacenan y liberan principalmente dos moléculas, el factor de von Willebrand y la P-selectina, por lo que juegan un papel fundamental en la hemostasis y la inflamación.

A

Los cuerpos de Weibel-Palade

134
Q

Kill and phagocytose bacteria

A

Neutrophils

135
Q

Kill helminthic and other parasites, modulate local inflammation

A

Eosinophils

136
Q

Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy

A

Basophils

137
Q

Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

138
Q

Precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells

A

Monocytes

139
Q

Process in which leukocytes sends extensions through the openings between the endothelial cells, migrate out of the venules into the surrounding tissue space and head directly for the site of injury or invasion

A

Diapedesis

140
Q

The attraction of neurotrophils to bacteria involves chemical mediators in a Process of …, which causes leukocytes to rapidly accumulate where their defensive actions are specifically needed

A

Chemotaxis

141
Q

Healthy adults have….. Leukocytes per microliter of blood

A

4500 to 11,000 leukocytes

142
Q

Mature neutrophils constitute ..% to ..%,of circulating leukocytes

A

54% to 62% and 3% immature

143
Q

Neutrophils diameter

A

12-15 micrometers

144
Q

Inactive X chromosome may appear as a drumstick-like appendage on one of the lobes of the nucleus

A

In females neutrophils

145
Q

The cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils are two main types

A

Azurophilic primary granules

Specific secondary granules

146
Q

Azurophilic granules have a major role killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms, contain proteases and antibacterials proteins including

A

Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme
Defensins

147
Q

Azurophilic granules protein which generates hypochlorite and other agents toxic to bacteria

A

Myeloperoxidase MPO

148
Q

Azurophilic granules protein which degrades components of bacterial cell wall

A

Lysozyme

149
Q

Azurophilic granules protein small cysteine rich proteins that bind and disrupt the cell membranes of many types of bacteria and other microorganisms

A

Defensins.

150
Q

Decreasing adhesion to the wall of venules by causing the absence of specific granules

A

Neutrophils defects

151
Q

Are smaller and less dense stain pink, diverse function secretion of various ECM degrading enzymes like collagenases, delivery of additional bacterial proteins to the phagolysosomes and insertion of new cell membrane components

A

Specific secondary granules

152
Q

Attract other leukocytes and cytokines that direct activities of these and local cell of the tissue

A

Chemokines

153
Q

Contain glycogen which is broken down into glucose to yield energy vía the glycolytic pathway

A

Neurotrophil

154
Q

Neurotrophil are short lived cells with a half life of

A

6 to 8 hours in blood and a life span of 1 or 4 days in connective tissues before dying by apoptosis

155
Q

Neutrophils look for bacteria to engulf by psudopodia and internalize them in vacuoles called

A

Phagosomes

156
Q

Forms microbial killing system

A

Superoxide anions
Hydrogen peroxide
MPO and halide ions

157
Q

Local macrophage activated by bacteria or tissue damage realease proinflamatory cytokines such as.., that signal endothelial cells of nearby poscapillary venules to rapidly insert glycoprotein selectins on the luminal cell surface

A 
Interleukin 1 (IL -1)
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)
158
Q

Content of pus

A

Apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semidigested material, and tissue fluid form a viscous, yellow collection

159
Q

Constitute only 1% to 3% of leukocytes

A

Eosinophils

160
Q

The eosinophilic granules are seen to be oval in shape constains major basic proteins and arginine rich factor that accounts for the granules acidophilia and constitutes up to

A

50 % of the total granule protein

161
Q

The number of circulating Eosinophils increase during

A

Helminthic infections and allergic reactions

162
Q

Eosinophils are abundant in

A

Connective tissue of the intestinal lining and at sites of chronic inflammation such as lung tissue of asthma patients

163
Q

An increase in the number of Eosinophils in blood is associated

A

With allergic reactions and helminth parasitic infections

164
Q

Produce a rapid decrease in the number of blood Eosinophils

A

Costicosteroids

165
Q

Are less than 1% of blood leukocytes

A

Basophils

166
Q

Basophils diameter

A

12 to 15 micrometers

167
Q

The specific granules diameter of Eosinophils ,stain purple

A

0.5 micrometers

168
Q

The strong basophilia of granules in Basophils is due for the presence of

A 
Heparin
Other GAGs 
Histamine 
Platelet activating factors 
Eosinophils chemotactic factor
Phospholipase A that catalyzes An initial step in producing proinflamatory factors called leukotrienes
169
Q

Basophils appear to supplents the functions of

A

Mast cells

170
Q

Have metachromatic granules containing heparin and histamine have surface for IgE

A

Basophils and mast cells

171
Q

Eosinophils life span

A

1-2 weeks

172
Q

Basophils life span

A

Several months

173
Q

Diameters ok lymphocytes

A

9 to 18 micrometers

174
Q

Are a group of disorders involving neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes of the failure of these cells to undergo apoptosis

A

Lymphomas

175
Q

Monocytes are precursor cells of

A

Macrophage
Osteoclast
Microglia

176
Q

Diameter of monocytes

A

12 to 15 micrometers

177
Q

The monocytes nucleous is

A

Large and usually indented or C-shaped

178
Q

Diameter of platelets

A

2 to 4 micrometers

179
Q

Life span of lymphocytes

A

Hours to many years

180
Q

Life span of monocytes

A

Hour to years

181
Q

Normal platelets count range from

A

150,000 to 400,000/ microliter of blood

182
Q

Helps mantain the platelets shape

A

Marginal bundle

183
Q

Vesicles is connected to invaginations of plasma membrane which may facilitates platelets uptake of factors from plasma

A

Open canicular system

184
Q

Less prominent set of irregular tubular vesicles that is derived from ER and stores Ca ions

A

Dense tubular system

185
Q

Contains ADP, ATP and serotonin Taken from the plasma in platelets with a diameter of 250-300 nm

A

Delta granules

186
Q

Alpha granules are larger 300 to 500 nm in diameter containing

A

Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF)

187
Q

Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium allow the platelet glycocalyx to adhere to collagen a platelet plug is formed as a first step to stop bleeding

A

Primary aggregation

188
Q

Platelets in the plug release a specific adhesive glycoproteins and ADP which induce platelet aggregation An increase the size of the platelets plug

A

Secondary aggregations

189
Q

During platelet aggregation fibrinogen from plasma, von Willebrand factor and other proteins release from the damage endothelium and platelet factors 4 from platelet granules promote interactions of plasma proteins giving rise to a fibrin polymer forming a network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more platelets to form a

A

Blood clot or thrombus

190
Q

The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly because of the interaction of

A

Platelet actin and myosin

191
Q

Protector by the clot,the endothelium and surrounding tunic are restored by new tissue and the clot is removed Mainly dissolved by the proteolitic enzyme

A

Plasmin

192
Q

Have An inhibitory effect on platelet function and blood coagulation because they block the local prostaglandins synthesis that is needed for platelet aggregation, contraction and exocytosis at sites of injury

A

Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

Histologia Junqueira's (24 decks)

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