Nerve Tissue & Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Los pares craneales se consideran

A

Del sistema nervioso periférico

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2
Q

Intracelularmente la neurona es rica en…, sirven a la neurona para transportar los neurotransmisores

A

Neurofilamento

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3
Q

Los neurofilamentos abundan en

A

Pericarion y dan cuerpo a las neuritas

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4
Q

El conjunto de prolongaciones neuronales y de las células acompañantes se llama

A

Neropilo

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5
Q

El nucleo es

A

Eucromatico

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6
Q

El nucleolo en microscopio es evidente

A

Ojo de búho

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7
Q

El neuroplasma es

A

Basofilo por riqueza de ergastoplasma

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8
Q

El RER de la neurona se denomina

A

Cuerpo de Nissl

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9
Q

El número de células nerviosas dentro del sistema nervioso central es sobre pasado por la Glia aproximadamente

A

5 veces mas

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10
Q

Las células que se consideran neuroglia periférica

A

Células satélites o capsulares

Células de Shwann

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11
Q

Tres tipos de células neuroglia

A

Astrocitos
Oligodendrocitos
Microglia

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12
Q

Son llamados colectivamente macroglia

A

Astrocitos

Oligodendrocitos

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13
Q

Macroglia es de origen

A

Ectodermico como las células nerviosas

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14
Q

La microglia es de origen

A

Mesodermico

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15
Q

Son los mas grandes de las células gliales

A

Astrocitos

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16
Q

Tiene un nucleo mas grande que el oligodendrocitos,abundante citoplasma granular presentes en la sustancia gris

A

Astrocitos protoplasmáticos

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17
Q

Largas expansiones relativamente delgadas regulares y ramificadas presente en la sustancia blanca

A

Astrocitos fibrosos

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18
Q

Son las células de defensa del SNC funcionan como los macrofagos aunque con una mayor capacidad migratoria

A

Microglia

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19
Q

Tres etapas de diferenciación son

A

La célula precursora totipotencial (glioblasto)
Células son inducidas a expresar los genes para lípidos y proteinas especializadas.
Diferenciación terminal

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20
Q

Comienzan a aparecer hacia el tercer día después del nacimiento , tienen división celular, su citoplasma)

A

Los oligodendrocitos jóvenes

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21
Q

Antes que inicie la formación de mielina aparece

A

La Glia de mielinizacion ( la oligodendroglia)

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22
Q

Migran en sentido proximo distal a lo largo de los axones en crecimiento

A

Células de schwann

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23
Q

Las células de Schwann en contacto con axones de gran tamaño producen una vaina de mielina asociándose a un solo axon cual es el diámetro

A

1.0 micrometro

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24
Q

Células de Schwann que envuelven a diámetro inferior a 1.0 micrometro los

A

Envuelven sin producir mielina

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25
Q

Algunos componentes fosfolipidicos de la mielina es de origen axonal ya que existe una transferencia de

A

Fosfatidilcolina

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26
Q

Las células de Schwann son capaces de fabricar colagena de tipo

A

I, III, IV

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27
Q

Es el axon de una neurona

A

Fibra nerviosa

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28
Q

Es la prolongación celular particularmente especializada en transmitir información

A

Axon

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29
Q

Marcan la interrupción de la vaina de mielina a intervalos regulares (segmentos internodales) la principal función es en la conducción saltatoria del impulso nervioso

A

Nodos de Ranvier

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30
Q

En los cortes trnasversales consiste de una banda densa dispuesta en espirales multilamelares alrededor del axon

A

mielina internodal

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31
Q

El extremo exterior de la espiral deriva del estrechamiento de las partes adyacentes de la membrana citoplasmatica de una pequeña lengüeta del citoplasma del oligodendrocito llamado

A

Mesaxon externo

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32
Q

Consta de la fusión de las hojas internas de la membrana plasmatica de la célula mielinizante

A

Mielina compacta

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33
Q

Las hojas externas yuxtapuestas y frecuentemente fusionadas en apariencia forman la línea intraperiodica, el espacio entre los dos componentes membranales es de

A

1 nm

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34
Q

La periodicidad de las lamelas es de

A

11 nm

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35
Q

El oligodendrocitos está separado de la membrana axonal por una delgada hendidura extracelular el

A

Espacio periaxonal

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36
Q

Es una región de la vaina de mielina donde terminan las lamelas

A

Nodo de Ranvier

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37
Q

% de lípidos que contiene la mielina

A

70%

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38
Q

% de proteinas de mielina

A

30%

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39
Q

La mielina contiene

A

Colesterol
Fósfolipidos
Galactolipidos

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40
Q

Las proteínas de mielina

A

Po, P1 y P2

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41
Q

Proteina específica del SNP

A

Po

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42
Q

Marca la principal diferencia entre los componentes químicas del SNC y SNP

A

Po

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43
Q

Se produce como consecuencia de una sección del axon o de una afección local que le es equivalente

A

Degradación walleriana

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44
Q

En la degeneración walleriana las células de Schwann se multiplican en el segmento distal y se organizan linealmente en bandas de

A

Bunger en el interior del tubo formado por la lamina basal preexistente

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45
Q

En la degradación walleriana esta actividad de proliferación continua durante

A

25 días y luego disminuye

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46
Q

En la degradación walleriana la regeneración axonal comienza

A

Desde las primeras horas

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47
Q

Los muñones en la regeneración axonal se incrustan en los tubos de lámina basal progresan a una velocidad aproximada de

A

2.0 a 3 mm por día

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48
Q

Es debida a una destrucción primaria de la mielina y se acompaña también de una proliferación de las células de Schwann , alrededor de un eje constituido por el axon intacto

A

Desmielinizacion segmentaria

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49
Q

El cerebro y la médula espinal contienen vasos sanguíneos derivados de

A

Mesenquima

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50
Q

Las tres túnicas que envuelven al SNC están compuestas por

A

Tejido conectivo

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51
Q

La mas externa también conocida como paquimeninge es densa y firme

A

Duramadre

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52
Q

Constituyen las leptomeninges

A

Aracnoides y piamadre

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53
Q

Transparente , inodoro e incoloro de aspecto cristalino llamado “agua de roca”

A

LCR

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54
Q

Se encuentra dentro del encéfalo y del canal medular, amortigua traumatismos cráneo encefálico, aporta metabolitos por difusión e interviene en la compensación de cambios en el volumen de la masa encefálica

A

Sistema nervioso central

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55
Q

La cantidad de líquido producida en un día es aproximadamente

A

un promedio de 0.35 ml/min (500ml/dia)

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56
Q

El volumen de recambio de LCR

A

De cuatro a cinco veces en el transcurso del día, para mantener un volumen promedio de 130ml durante el día

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57
Q

% de LCR que se encuentra en el espacio subaracnoideo

A

75%

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58
Q

% de LCR que se encuentra en los ventrículos

A

25%

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59
Q

LCR es producido principalmente en

A
Plexo coroides
Espacio subaracnoideo 
Ependimo 
Superficie cerebral glial 
Espacios extracelulares cerebrales
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60
Q

Se encuentran en los ventrículos III y IV en su suelo del cuerpo, atrio y cuernos inferiores, ventrículos laterales, superficie basal del tallo cerebral

A

Plexo coroides

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61
Q

Consisten en invaginaciones de la piamadre cubiertas por epitelio cúbico simple o cilíndrico bajo con presencia de capilares fe estrados y dilatados

A

Plexo coroides

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62
Q

De los ventrículos laterales al tercer ventrículo se comunica por medio de

A

Agujero de monroe

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63
Q

El tercer ventrículo con el cuarto se comunica por

A

Acueducto de Silvio

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64
Q

El cuarto ventrículo se comunica con el espacio subaracnoideo por

A

El agujero medias de Luschka y dos agujeros laterales de Magendie

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65
Q

LCR es absorbido por medio de

A

Velocidades aracnoideas

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66
Q

Ubicadas en la cara superolateral y medial de los hemisferios cerebrales con predominio en el seno sagital superior

A

Velocidades aracnoideas

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67
Q

Se hipertrofia las vellocidades subaracnoideo y sufren acumulos de colagena para ser llamados

A

Granulaciones de Paccioni

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68
Q

Entre los componentes de LCR encontramos

A
Densidad especifica. 1.004-1.008
pH 7.35
Cloruros 720 mg/dl
Glucosa 65 mg/dl
Base total 157 mEq/l
Proteína total
Lumbar 15-45mg/dl
Cisternal 10-25mg/dl
Ventrícular 5-15mg/dl
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69
Q

Regula las concentraciones de iones, hormonas, y sustancias en contacto con cerebro y médula espinal

A

Barrera hematoencefalica

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70
Q

Los vasos se encuentran rodeados por

A

As trocitos

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71
Q

Las áreas que carecen de barrera hematoencefalica son conocidas como

A

Órganos cirunventriculares

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72
Q

Órganos cirunventriculares incluyen

A
Área postrema de la médula oblongada 
Neurohipofisis
Glándula pineal
Lamina terminal (órgano vascular)
Hipotalamo (tubérculo intercolumnar)
Órgano subfornical (tubérculo intercolumnar )
Órgano subcomisural
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73
Q

The nervoous system develops from and beginning

A

Ectoderm and third week

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74
Q

The NS develops with signals from

A

Notochord

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75
Q

Ectoderm on the mid dorsal side of the embryo thickens to form the epithelial

A

Neural plate

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76
Q

The lateral sides of this plate fold upward bend and grow toward each other medially and fuse forming

A

Neural tube

77
Q

Are the numerous enlongated processes extending from the perikaryon and specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons at synapses

A

Dendrites

78
Q

Measure of the cell body

A

150 micrometer in diameter

79
Q

Body’s smallest cells

A

Cerebellar granule

80
Q

Have one axon and two or more dendrites

A

Multipolar neurons

81
Q

Have one dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar neurons

82
Q

Sigle Process that biffurcates with one longer branch extending to a peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS

A

Unipolar o pseudounipolar

83
Q

Many dendrites but no true axon regulate electrical changes of adjacent neurons

A

Anaxonic neurons

84
Q

Most neurons are

A

Multipolar

85
Q

Bipolar neurons are found in

A

Retina
Olfatory mucosa
(Inner ear) cochlear and vestibular ganglia

86
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons are found in the

A
Spinal ganglia (sensory ganglia)
Craneal ganglia
87
Q

Establish relationships among other neurons forming complex funtion al network or circuits

A

Interneurons

88
Q

In PNS cell bodies are found in

A

Ganglia

89
Q

Neurulation take place at

A

Fourth week

90
Q

Slowly progressing disorder affecting muscular activity characterized by tremors, reduced activity of facial muscle , loss of balance and postural stiffness, caused by gradual loss by apoptosis of dopamine-producing neurons

A

Parkinson disease

91
Q

The end of axones have many small branches called

A

Telodendria

92
Q

Concentrated RER and other polysomes appear as clumps of Basophilic material called chromatophilic substance or

A

Nissl bodies

93
Q

Abundant of Nissl substance or bodies in particulary

A

Large nerve cells such as motor neurons

94
Q

Intermediate filaments are abundant both in perikarya and processes and in this cell are often called

A

Neurofilaments

95
Q

Neurofilaments forms neurofibrils visible with certain fixatives like

A

Silver stains

96
Q

Inclusions of pigmented material that nerve cell contains

A

Lipofuscin

97
Q

Consist of residual bodies left from lysosomal digestion

A

Lipofuscin

98
Q

Number of axonal ending Make functional contact with the dendrites of a single large Purkinje cell

A

200,000 axonal ending

99
Q

Short blunt structures projecting at point along dendrites and most synapses impinging on neurons

A

Dendritic spines

100
Q

Dendritic spines occur in vast Numbers for cells of the human cerebral cortex and serve as the initial processing sites for synaptic signals

A

10^14

101
Q

Dendritic spines are of key importance in the constant changes of the neutral plasticity for

A

Underlying adaptation
Learning
Memory

102
Q

Length of a motor neuron of the spinal cord that innervate the foot muscle

A

100 cm

103
Q

Axons originate from a pyramid shaped region of the perikaryon called the

A

Axon hillock

104
Q

The plasma membrane of the axon is often called

A

Axolemma

105
Q

Citoplasm of An axon

A

Axoplasm

106
Q

Site where various excitatory and inhibitory stimuli impinging on the neuron are algebraically summed

A

Initial segment

107
Q

The distal end of An axon forms a

A

Terminal arborization

108
Q

Axons of interneurons and some motor neurons have branches called…, that end at synapses influencing the activity of many other neurons

A

Collateral

109
Q

Each branch ends with dilation called

A

Terminal bouton

110
Q

Axoplasm contains

A
Mitocondria 
Microtubules 
Neurofilaments 
Cisternae of smooth ER
No polyribosomes or RER
111
Q

Organelles and macromolecules synthesized in cell body moves by

A

Anterograde transport along the axon from perikaryon to the synaptic terminals

112
Q

Opposite direction carries macromolecules such material Taken by endocytosis

A

Retrograde transport

113
Q

Mediate anterograde vesicular transport,a microtubule activated ATPase

A

Kinesin

114
Q

Microtubule activated ATPase , provides retrograde transport

A

Dynein

115
Q

Anterograde and retrograde transport a rate of

A

50 - 400 mm/d

116
Q

The action potential is propagated along the axon as a wave of membrane depolarization produce by

A

Voltage-gated Na and K channel

117
Q

Axoplasmic concentration

A

K

118
Q

Potential electrical difference across the axolemma of about

A

-65 mV

119
Q

Low-molecular weight molecules that bind to the voltage-Gated sodium channel of the axolemma

A

Local anesthetic

120
Q

Depolarization resting the potential from negative to positive at

A

+30 mV

121
Q

Immediately after the membrane depolarization the

A

Voltage gated Na channels close and those for K open

122
Q

Terminal bouton from which neurotransmitters is released by exocitosis from

A

Synaptic vesicles

123
Q

Synaptic cleft are separated by

A

20 to 30 nm

124
Q

At the presynaptic region the nerve impulse briefly opens

A

Calcium channel influx that trigger neurotransmitters release by exocytosis or similar mechanism

125
Q

Neurotransmitters are removed quickly by

A

enzymatic breakdown diffusion or endocytosis

126
Q

The chemical transmitter used at neuromuscular junctions is

A

Acetylcholine

127
Q

A widely used class of drugs for treatment of depression An axiety disorder

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

128
Q

The predominant glial cells in CNS

A

Oligodendrocito

129
Q

Most common neurotransmitter in the brain, opens Na channels, excites activity in neurons to promote cognitive function in the brain (learning and memory)

A

Glutamate

130
Q

Synthesized from glutamate, primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, also influences muscle tone, opens or closes various ions channels

A

gamma -aminobutyric acid GABA

131
Q

Inhibits activity between neurons in the CNS including retina , opens Cl channels

A

Glycine

132
Q

Functions in the brain related to sleep, appetite, cognition and mood, modulates actions of other neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin or 5 hydroxytryptamine

133
Q

A distinct group of monoamines

A

Catecolamines

134
Q

Produces inhibitory activity in the brain, important roles in cognition, motivation, behaviors and mood, open K channels , close Ca channel

A

Dopamine

135
Q

Neurotransmitter of PNS (sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system) and specific CNS regions

A

Norepinephrine

136
Q

Has various effects in CNS , especially the spinal cord , thalamus, and hypothalamus

A

Epinephrine

137
Q

Helps regulate response to noxious and potentially harmful stimuli

A

Enkephalin

138
Q

Involved in memory regulation and energy balance (increase food in take and decreased physical activity)

A

Neuropeptide Y

139
Q

Inhibits activities of neurons in specific brain areas

A

Somatostatin

140
Q

Assists with pain information transmission into the brain

A

Substance P

141
Q

Stimulates neurons in the brain to help mediate satiation (fullness) and repress hunger

A

Cholecystokinin

142
Q

Prevents release of pain signals from neurons and fosters a feeling of well being

A

Beta endorphin

143
Q

Helps control and moderate the effects of dopamine

A

Neurotensin

144
Q

Inhibits activities in certain CNS neurons

A

Adenosine

145
Q

Involved in learning and memory relaxes muscle in the digestive tract important for relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasodilatation)

A

Nitric oxide

146
Q

Have a large number of radiating processes

A

Astrocytes

147
Q

Typical in white matter, with few long processes

A

Fibrous astrocytes

148
Q

Many shorter branched processes are called…, predominant in gray matter

A

Protoplasmatic astrocytes

149
Q

The larger processes of all astrocytes are reinforced with bundles of intermediate filaments made of …, which serves as a unique marker for astrocytes, the most common source of brain tumors

A

Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)

150
Q

Derived from those glial cells and characterized pathologically by their expression of GFAP

A

Astrocytomas

151
Q

Astrocytes Forming a barrier layer of expanded processes called …,lining the meninges at the external CNS surface

A

Glial limiting membrane

152
Q

Astrocytic processes are seen with

A

Gold staining

153
Q

Astrocytes extending processes that cover capillary endothelial cells and contribute to the BBB

A

Perivascular feet

154
Q

Common type of dementria in elderly, affect both neuronal perikarya and synapses within the cerebrum

A

Alzheimer disease

155
Q

Are columnar or cuboidal cells that line the ventricules of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord , in some CNS locations the apical ends of ependymal cells have cilia,facilitates movement of CSF and long microvilli for absorption

A

Ependymal cells

156
Q

Ependymal cells are joined apically by… , but lack a basal lamina

A

Juntional complexes

157
Q

Major mechanism of inmune defense in CNS

A

Microglia

158
Q

The myelin sheaths surrounding axons are damaged by an autoimmune mechanism

A

Multiple sclerosis

159
Q

Funtion of satellite cells

A

Form An intimate covering layer over the large neuronal cell bodies in the ganglia of the PNS

160
Q

The main components of white matter are myelinated axons often group together as

A

Tracts

161
Q

Deep regions of the CNS have darker aggregates consist of large number of neuronal cell bodies

A

Nuclei

162
Q

Number of layers in cerebral cortex

A

Six layers

163
Q

Diameter of granular layer cells

A

4-5micrometers

164
Q

White matter is peripheral and gray matter is internal

A

Spinal cord

165
Q

Consist of dense , fibroelastic connective tissue that is continuous with the periosteum of the skull

A

Dura mater

166
Q

Around the spinal cord the dura mater is separated from the periosteum of the vertebrae by

A

Epidural space which contains a plexus of thin-walled veins and areolar connective tissue

167
Q

The dura mater is always separated from the arachnoid by the thin

A

Subdural space

168
Q

The internal surface of all dura mater as well as the external surface in the spinal cord is covered by

A

Squamous epithelium of mesenchymal origin

169
Q

Two components of the arachnoid

A

A Sheet of connective tissue in contact with dura mater

System of trabeculae composed of collagen and fibroblast

170
Q

Surrounding the trabeculae is a large sponge like cavity the…, filled with CSF

A

Subarachnoid space

171
Q

The connective tissue of the arachnoid is said to be

A

Avascular

172
Q

Consists of flattened,mesenchymally derived cells closely applied to the entire surface of the CNS tissue

A

Pía mater

173
Q

The pia does not directly contact nerve cells or fibers being separated from the neural elements by the very thin superficial layer of

A

Astrocytic processes the glia limitans

174
Q

Blood vessels penetrate the CNS through long

A

Perivascular spaces covered by pia mater

175
Q

Is a functional barrier that allows much tighter control than in most tissue over the passage of substances moving from blood into the CNS tissue

A

Blood brain barrier

176
Q

Completely envelops the basal lamina of the capillaries in most CNS regions forms another BBB component and further regulates passage of molecules and ions from blood to brain

A

Limiting layer of perivascular astrocytic feet

177
Q

Function of the choroid plexus

A

Is to remove water from blood and release it as the CSF

178
Q

Provide the main pathways for absorption of CSF back into the venous circulation

A

Arachnoid villi

179
Q

Also called neurolemmocytes

A

Schwann cells

180
Q

The length of axon ensheathed by one Schwann cell the

A

Internodal segment

181
Q

Axonal diameter ranges

A

300 to 1500 micrometers

182
Q

Consist of reticular fibers scattered fibroblast and capillaries , immediatedly around the external laminae of the Shwann cells

A

Endoneurium

183
Q

Schwann cells and endoneurium are bundled together as fascicles by a sleeve of

A

Perineurium

184
Q

Autonomic ganglia are small bulbous dilations in autonomic nerves usually with

A

Multipolar neurons

185
Q

Sensory ganglia are associated to

A

Cranial nerves

Dorsal roots

186
Q

The chemical mediator present in the synaptic vesicles of all preganglionic axons is

A

Acetylcholine

187
Q

Proteins produced by both neurons and glial cells the neural plasticity

A

Neurotrophins

188
Q

is the dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron. It is an induced response of the cell usually triggered by axotomy, ischemia, toxicity to the cell, cell exhaustion, virus infections, and hibernation in lower vertebrates. Neuronal recovery through regeneration , but most often it is a precursor of apoptosis.

A

Chromatolysis