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Histologia Junqueira's > Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Las hormonas son moleculas que viajan por el torrente sanguineo ejerciendo su funcion sobre

A

Celulas blanco

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2
Q

La hormona se une en la celula blanco con su receptor ubicado en

A

En la membrana plasmatica o dentro del nucleo de la celula

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3
Q

Los receptores citoplasmaticos suelen activar a una enzima que produce una molecula denominada

A

Segundo mensajero

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4
Q

Los segundos mensajeros mas usuales

A

cAMP o cGMP produciendo una cascada bioquimica basada en la proteina G

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5
Q

Cuando las concentraciones de la sustancia esta en cantidades normales del cuerpo Se dice que esta en una concentracion

A

Fisiologica

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6
Q

Peso de la hipofisis

A

0.5 y 1 g

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7
Q

La hipofisis esta unida al cerebro por un pequeño tallo por donde pasan las hormonas al cerebro y viceversa llamado

A

Infundibulo

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8
Q

La hipofisis Se encuentra separada del cerebro por una lamina fibrosa conocida como

A

Tienda de la hipofisis

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9
Q

La hipofisis Se divide en

A

Adenohipofisis o anterior

Neurohipofisis o posterior

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10
Q

La adenohipofisis Se divide en

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

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11
Q

La nuerohipofisis Se divide en

A

Proceso infundibular
Tallo infundibular
Eminencia media del tuber cinerium

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12
Q

La adenohipofisis Se origina de

A

Ectodermo, la bolsa de Rathke que Se encuentra arriba de la cavidad bucal

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13
Q

La nuerohipofisis proviene de

A

Invaginacion del piso del diencefalo

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14
Q

La adenohipofisis en su pars tuberalis cuenta con cordones de celulas basofilicas que contienen hormonas

A

Gonadotropicas

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15
Q

En su pars intermedia contiene celulas….. Y aun no se conoce su funcion en el hombre

A

Cromofobas o basofilas

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16
Q

La pars distalis cuenta con cordones con abundantes sinusoides fenestrados y las celulas encontradas son

A

Acidofilas 40%
Basofilas 10%
Cromofobas 50%

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17
Q

Las celulas acidofilas de la pars distalis son somatotropas productoras de …. Y mamotropas/lactotropas productoras de…

A

Somatotropas productoras de hormona de crecimiento GH y somatotrofina STH
Mamotropas :prolactina/mamotrofina MTH

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18
Q

Son palidas de citoplasma granular y se cree que son formas inactivas de acidofilas y basofilas presentes con un 50% en pars distalis

A

Cromofobas

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19
Q

Las celulas basofilas son Los tirotropos productores de … Y gonadotropos productores de…, y corticotropos productora de….

A

Tirotropos :Hormona estimulante del tiroides TSH,
Gonadotropos :hormona luteinizante LH o estimulante de las celulas interticiales, foliculoestimulante FSH
Corticotropos : hormona adrenocorticotropica ACTH

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20
Q

La neurohipofisis no produce hormonas pero si recibe hormonas a traves del

A

Tallo hipotalamo-hipofisiario de Los nucleos supraopticos y paraventriculares

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21
Q

Hormona producida en Los nucleos hipotalamicos supraopticos

A

Antidiuretica ADH o vasopressina

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22
Q

Hormona producida en Los nucleos hipotalamicos paraventriculares

A

Oxitocina o pituicina

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23
Q

Cristales de oxitocina llamados …., que Se encuentran en neurohipofisis

A

Cuerpo de Herring

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24
Q

Esta formado poor epitelio cuyo producto de secrecion se vierte directamente al sistema circulatorio a traves de capilares

A

Sistema endocrino

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25
Q

Hormona relacionada con el trabajo de parto incrementando las contracciones uterinas,participa en la formacion del falo o un papel en la ereccion e indispensable en la lactancia

A

Oxitocina o pituicina

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26
Q

Hormona que interviene en la retencion y concentracion del agua al nivel de los segmentos distales de la nefrona, cuando esta falta se pueden perder hasta 20 litros de agua por dia y participa en la concentracion del musculo liso de los vasos sanguineos y del intestino

A

Vasopresina o antidiuretica

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27
Q

Surge del desarrollo caudal y dorsal del diencefalo y no Se encuentra conectado al SNC, cubierta por una capsula que es parte de las meninges (piamadre) la cual se extiende y forma septos que terminan por lobular a la glandula por donde ingresa la vasculatura

A

Epifisis o glandula pineal

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28
Q

La glandula pineal esta formada por

A

Pinealocitos, que son basofilos con presencia de lipidos

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29
Q

Producto principal de la glandula pineal

A

Melatonina

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30
Q

Es una sustancia que funciona parte del reloj interno relacionada con Los procesos de sueño y vigilia

A

Melatonina

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31
Q

Resulta de la metilacion de la N acetil serotonina

A

Melatonina

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32
Q

Porcentaje de celulas gliales interticiales en la epifisis o glandula pineal

A

10%

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33
Q

Ubicada en la cara anterior del cuello en su tercio inferior formada por dos lobulos derecho e izquierdo unidos por un istmo de donde puede surgir otro lobulo llamado lobulo piramidal, altamente vascularizada y esta encapsulada

A

Tiroides

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34
Q

La tiroides esta formada por

A

Foliculos tiroideos que son esferas huecas de celulas epiteliales glandulares

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35
Q

Diametro de un foliculo tiroideo

A

0.2 a 0.9 mm

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36
Q

Número de foliculo en la tiroides

A

De dos a 10 millones

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37
Q

Material proteico, denso y viscoso como una gelatina llamado

A

Coloide tiroideo

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38
Q

Por revestir una cavidad se pueden considerar como si fuera un epitelio

A

Celulas foliculares

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39
Q

Al epitelio que forma los foliculos se le llama .

A

Celulas foliculares que posee un solo cilio que penetra el coloide por 10 o 15 micrometros y se encuentran sobre una lamina basal con un estroma ricamente vascularizada

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40
Q

Las celulas foliculares estan relacionadas con la produccion y liberacion de las hormonas

A

Triyodotironina T3

Tetrayodotironina T4

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41
Q

El coloide tiroideo esta formado por una glucoproteina yodada, lugar donde se almacenan las hormonas siendo la unica hormona que se almacena en grandes cantidades

A

Tiroglobulina

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42
Q

Conjuntos de celulas las cuales no tienen acceso al lumen folicular, producen tirocalcitonina involucrada en la reduccion de los niveles del calcio en el plasma de la sangre y de los niveles de fosfato

A

Celulas C , Claras o parafoliculares o celulas U

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43
Q

involucrada en la reduccion de los niveles del calcio en el plasma de la sangre y de los niveles de fosfato

A

Tirocalcitonina

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44
Q

Cuatro glandulas que dervan de la tercera y cuarta bolsa faringeas, altamente vascularizada

A

Paratiroides

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45
Q

Las glandulas parotiroides presentan dos variedades de celulas

A

Celulas principales

Celulas oxifilicas

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46
Q

Son pequeñas aproximdamente de 7 a 10 micrometros de diametro, contiene glucogeno y con granulos con paratohormona PTH

A

Celulas principales

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47
Q

Incrementan su numero en relacion con la edad , siendo mas grandes que las celulas principales y no contiene granulos de secrecion

A

Celulas oxifilicas

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48
Q

Se libera en respuesta a la concentracion baja de calcio en sangre, actua de inicio sobre los osteoblastos, luego osteoclastos recuperando la normocalcemia

A

Paratohormona PTH

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49
Q

Niveles de calcio normales en la sangre oscilan

A

Entre 9 y 11 mg por decilitro

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50
Q

A nivel del riñon incrementa la reabsorcion de calcio tubular y la activacion de la vitamina D, inhibe la reabsorcion de fosfato renal

A

PTH paratohormona

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51
Q

La corteza de la glandula de origen

A

Mesodermico

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52
Q

Medula de la glandula suprarenal de origen

A

Cresta neural

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53
Q

La corteza de afuera hacia adentro se divide en

A

Glomerulosa
Fasciculada
Reticular

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54
Q

Es delgada localizada debajo de la capsula de TC formada por celulas dispuestas en arcos u ovillos de celulas cilindricas a cubicas produciendo un mineralocorticoide la aldosterona

A

Zona glomerulosa

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55
Q

Es la mas ancha se dispone en forma de hileras de celulas en cordones regulares paralelos entre si con celulas epiteliales glandulares cubicas encargada de la produccion de un glucocorticoide denominado cortisol

A

Zona fasciculada

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56
Q

Tiene un grosor intermedio, Los cordones celulares que lo conforman Se disponen en forma irregular haciendo una red, cerca de la medula se encuentran celulas oscuras

A

Zona reticulada

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57
Q

La medula suprarrenal repsresenta el …. del organo

A

10%

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58
Q

La medula suprarrenal se encuentra encargada de la produccion de

A

Epinefrina y norepinefrina por sus celulas cromafines

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59
Q

Segunda glandula mas grande del cuerpo

A

Pancreas

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60
Q

Glandula con secrecion de tipo mixto tanto exocrina como endocrina

A

Pancreas

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61
Q

Cantidad aproximdamente de jugo pancreatico del cual vierte al tubo digestivo a traves del conducto de Wirsung

A

1200 ml

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62
Q

Esta formada por acinos serosos con epitelio glandular de forma piramidal reunidos en lobulos delimitados por TC formando septos

A

Porcion exocrina del pancreas

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63
Q

La porcion endocrina se encuentra formada por acumulos de celulas llamadas

A

Islotes pancreaticos o islotes de Langerhans

64
Q

Localizacion de mayor proporcion de islotes de Langerhans

A

En la cola del pancreas que en total hay un millon

65
Q

Porcentaje del volumen que representado por Los islotes de Langerhans

A

2%

66
Q

Islotes de Langerhans separados del resto de la glandula del pancreas por

A

Fibras reticulares

67
Q

Secretan glucagon incrementando Los niveles de glucosa en sangre, ubicado en la periferia del islote de Langerhans siendo el 20% del total de celulas

A

Celulas alfa o A

68
Q

Secretan insulina representando el 60 al 75 % de la celulas del islote

A

Celulas beta

69
Q

Secretan somatostatina siendo la que regula las celulas Alfa y beta siendo el 5% del total de celulas en el islote de Langerhans

A

Celulas delta

70
Q

Producen peptido pancreatico para funciones gastrointestinales y del higado

A

Celulas PP

71
Q

Un conjunto de celulas con nucleos redondos de colores diferentes amontonadas unas con otras

A

Adenohipofisis

72
Q

Es mas clara casi transparente con cuerpos de herring

A

Neurohipofisis

73
Q

Semejante al glomerulo, es la porcion exterior enrollada

A

Glomerulosa

74
Q

Capa uniforme semejante a tubulos o fasciculos nerviosos

A

Fasciculada

75
Q

Semejante a una red

A

Reticulada

76
Q

Secretion with localized dispersal in the interstitial fluid

A

Paracrine

77
Q

Secretion in which a signaling molecule remains on the secreting cells surface or adjacent

A

Juxtacrine

78
Q

Weighs of pituitary glands

A

0.5 g in adult of about 10x13x6 mm

79
Q

The oral component of hypophysis arise of ectoderm from the roof of the primitive mouth and grows cranially forming

A

Hypophyseal Rathke pouch

80
Q

The neurohypophysis consist

A

Pars nerviosa

Infundibulum

81
Q

Three parts of adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis or anterior lob
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

82
Q

Date in which hypophyseal pouch (Rathke) grow from the roof of the pharynx and neurohypophyseal bud form

A

Week 3

83
Q

Date Rathke pouch loses contact with roof of pharynx

A

Late second month

84
Q

Artery that Supply the median eminence and infundibular stalk

A

Superior hypophyseal arteries

85
Q

Provide blood mainly for the neurohypophysis

A

Inferior hypophyseal arteries

86
Q

The superior hypophyseal arteries divide in

A

Primary plexus in neurohypophysis later form a second plexus in adenohypophysis

87
Q

Blood from the superior hypophyseal artery consist of two network connect by the portal vein that join both plexus

A

Hypothalamic -hypophyseal portal system

88
Q

Percentage that represent par distalis

A

75%

89
Q

Chromophils, based on their affinities divide in

A

Basophils and acidophils

90
Q

The main protein synthesized in corticotrophs is

A

POMC pro-opiomelanocortin cleaved posttranslationally into adrenocortical trophic hormone ACTH and beta lipotropin

91
Q

Pars tuberalis most cells are

A

Gonadotrophs

92
Q

Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of somatotrophs

A

50%

93
Q

Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of lactotrophs

A

15-20%

94
Q

Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of corticotrophs

A

15%-20%

95
Q

Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of thyrotrophs

A

5%

96
Q

Percentage of total cells in anterior pituitary of gonadotrophs

A

10%

97
Q

Control of hormones secretion in the anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamic hormones and negative feedback

98
Q

Neurohypophysis it’s composed of neural tissue containing …. unmyelinated axons of large secretory neurons with cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

A

100,000

99
Q

Neurohypophysis present branched glial cells call

A

Pituicytes

100
Q

The must abundant cell type in the posterior pituitary

A

Pituicytes

101
Q

Herring bodies contain granules with either oxytocin or ADH bound to carrier protein called

A

Neurophysin I and II

102
Q

Often produce excessive numbers of functional acidophils or basophils involving somatotropic cells can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in adult

A

Pituitary adenomas

103
Q

Adrenal glands together they weigh about

A

8g

104
Q

The stroma of adrenal glands consist of….. Supporting the secretory cels and microvasculature

A

Reticular fibers

105
Q

They are half moon shape about 4 to 6 cm long,1 to 2 cm wide, 4 to 6mm thick in adult

A

Adrenal glands

106
Q

The cortex arises from

A

Mesoderm

107
Q

Medulla arise from

A

Neural crest

108
Q

Adrenal cells that have characteristics features of steroid secreting cells and mitochondria that synthesized ATP and contain enzymes for converting cholesterol to pregnenolone

A

Adrenal cortex

109
Q

Immediately inside the capsule comprising the 15% of the cortex, the steroids made by this cells are called mineralocorticoids because the affect uptake of Na, K and water by renal tubules, their principal product is aldosterone

A

Zona Glomerulosa

110
Q

Occupies 65% to 80% of cortex,these cells secrete glucocorticoids especially cortisol

A

Zona fasciculata

111
Q

Comprises about 10% of cortex with more lipofuscin pigment , primarily secrete the weak androgens including dehydropiandrosterone DHEA that is converted in testosterone

A

Zona reticularis

112
Q

Disorder usually autoimmune in origin, which cause degeneration in any layer of adrenal cortex with concomitant loss of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids or androgen production

A

Addison disease

113
Q

Medullary parechymal cells known as…, can be considered modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons lacking axons and dendrites with 150 to 350 nm in diameter

A

Chromaffin cells

114
Q

Adrenal medulla secrete

A

Catecholamines either epinephrine or norepinephrine

115
Q

Both catecholamines together with Ca and ATP are bound in granular storage complexes proteins called

A

Chromogranins

116
Q

The conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine occurs only in

A

Chromaffin cells

117
Q

Percentage of catecholamines secreted from the adrenal is epinephrine

A

80%

118
Q

Medullary chromaffin cells are innervated by cholenergic endings of

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

119
Q

Routine stains that show the most islet cells are acidophilic or basophilic

A

Trichrome stains

120
Q

In the adrenal medulla, when periodically secrete high levels of catecholamines that cause swings in blood pressure between hypertension and hypotension

A

Pheochromocytomas

121
Q

Secrete primarily glucagon and are usually peripherally, increase blood glucose content making energy stored in glycogen and fats available represent 20%

A

Alpha cells

122
Q

Produce insuline are the most numerous 70% ,located centrally cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content

A

Beta cells

123
Q

Secrete somatostatin are scattered and much less abundant 5% to 10% inhibits release of other islet cells

A

Delta cells

124
Q

Stimulates activity of gastic chief cells, inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion and hormone pancreatic polypeptide

A

PP cells

125
Q

Normal level of glucose

A

70 mg/dL

126
Q

Increase glucagon release and inhibits insuline release

A

Sympathetic fibers

127
Q

Increase secretion of both glucagon and insulin

A

Parasympathetic fibers

128
Q

Cells that are derived from endodermal of embryonic gut or bronchial buds, collective disperse cell

A

Diffuse neuroendocrine system DNES

129
Q

DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system) are stained by solutions of

A 
Chromium salts (enterochromaffin cells) 
Silver nitrate (argentaffin cells)
130
Q

APUD cells are

A

DNES cells secretion

131
Q

It synthesizes the thyroid hormones that help control the basal metabolic rate in the cells throughout the body as well as the polypeptide hormone calcitonin

A

Thyroxine Or tetra-iodothyronine or T4

Iodothyronine T3

132
Q

Thyroid colloid contains the large glycoprotein, the precursor for the active thyroid hormones

A

Thyroglobulin

133
Q

There is sufficient hormone in follicles to supply the body for up to

A

3 months with no additional synthesis

134
Q

Range in shape from squamous to low columnar, their activity is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone TSH from anterior pituitary

A

Thyrocytes or follicular cells

135
Q

Endocrine cell type found inside the basal lamina of the follicular epithelium or a isolated clusters between follicles, derived from the neural crest, less stain intensely with numerous granules with calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cell or C cells

136
Q

Excessive growth of thyroid follicles and enlargement of the thyroid gland called

A

Goiter

137
Q

The more abundant circulating thyroid hormone with 80% or 90%

A

T4 or thyroxine

138
Q

Half life of T3 or iodothyronin

A

1.5 days

139
Q

Half life of T4 thyroxin

A

1 week

140
Q

The major regulator of anatomic and functional state of thyroid follicles is

A

Thyrotropin TSH from anterior pituitary

141
Q

Hormones regulating cells of the anterior pituitary

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH
Somatostatin
Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH

142
Q

Loss of insulin effect and a subsequent failure of cells to take up glucose leading to elevated blood sugar or hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes mellitus

143
Q

Caused by loss of beta cells from autoimmune destruction and is treated by regular injection of insulin

A

Diabetes type 1

144
Q

Beta cells are present but fail to produce adequate levels of insulin in response to hyperglycemia and target cells resist or not respond to the hormone, commonly occurs with obesity and multi factorial genetic component

A

Type 2 diabetes or non insulin dependent

145
Q

Is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies produce chronic stimulation of the follicular cells and release thyroid hormones causing a hyper metabolic state marker by wight loss, nervousness, sweating

A

Hyperthyroidism

146
Q

Reduce thyroid hormone levels can be cause by thyroiditis or inadequate secretion of TSH by anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothyroidism

147
Q

Total weight of parathyroid glands

A

0.4 g

148
Q

The superior parathyroid glands derived from

A

Fourth pharyngeal pouch

149
Q

Inferior glands derived from

A

Third pharyngeal pouch

150
Q

Small polygonal cells with pale staining with parathyroid hormone PTH an important regulator of blood calcium level

A

Principal chief cells

151
Q

Principal cells ,an important regulator of blood calcium level

A

Parathyroid hormone PTH

152
Q

Diminished secretion of PTH can cause bones to become more mineralized and denser and striated muscle to exhibit abnormal contraction

A

Hypoparathyroidism

153
Q

Excessive PTH stimulates osteoclast number in activity leading to increase levels of blood calcium that can be deposited pathologically in cartilage,arteries, or kidney

A

Hyperparathyroidism

154
Q

Regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activities approximately 5-8mm by 3-5mm ,develop from neuroectoderm in the posterior wall of the third ventricle

A

Pineal gland or epiphysis cerebri

155
Q

Secretory cells of pineal gland called

A

Pinealocytes

156
Q

Sized concretions of calcium and magnesium called brain sand characteristic feature in pineal gland

A

Corpora arencea

Histologia Junqueira's (24 decks)

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