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Histologia Junqueira's > Organs Associated With The Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Organs Associated With The Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Las glándulas salivales menores

A

Se encuentran distribuidas en forma irregular en la mucosa de la boca
Palatinas
Las de los labios
Las de la lengua

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2
Q

Las glándulas salivales consisten de conductos que se ramifican y reciben el producto de múltiples celulas que forman un racimo llamado

A

Acino

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3
Q

Las células que forman el Acino

A

Celulas acinares

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4
Q

Las células acinares pueden ser según su producto

A

Mucosas y serosas

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5
Q

La glándula parotida esta constituida exclusivamente

A

Serosos

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6
Q

Las tres glándulas salivales pares mayores

A

Glándula parotida
Glándula sublingual
Glándula submandibular o submaxilar

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7
Q

Posee acinos mixtos

A

Glándula submaxilar

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8
Q

Predominantemente mucosa

A

Glándula salival

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9
Q

Entre las glándulas salivales menores las glándulas palatinas son

A

Mucoso

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10
Q

Las glándulas salivales de la boca son de tipo

A

Mixto

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11
Q

Las glándulas salivales de los labios son

A

Mucoso

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12
Q

Glándula salival mas grande con un peso en el adulto de 15 a 30 gramos

A

Glándula parotida

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13
Q

De forma triangular ubicada a ambos lados del ángulo mandíbular adentro de la rama ascendente de la mandíbula y puede extenderse hacia adelante hasta el arco cigomatico, hacia atrás puede cubrir la apofisis mastoides y parte del musculo esternocleidomastoideo y hacia la línea puede llegar al proceso estilo ideo

A

Glándula parotida

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14
Q

La glándula parotida esta cubierta por

A

Tejido adiposo el cual llega a infiltrar la glándula acompañado de tejido conectivo que forma tabiques

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15
Q

La secreción de las células acinares sale por múltiples conductillos que convergen uno con otro hasta formar un solo llamado

A

Conducto de Stenon o Stensen

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16
Q

Medida del conducto de Stenon o Stensen

A

Entre cuatro y siete centímetros de largo hasta desembocar en la cavidad bucal

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17
Q

Es la segunda glándula salival en tamaño llegando pesar de 7 a 15 gramos ubicada en el triángulo submandibular

A

Glándula submaxilar o submandibular

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18
Q

La glándula submaxilar la secreción sale por un conducto único por glándula llamado

A

Conducto de Wharton

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19
Q

Longitud del conducto de Wharton

A

Hasta 5 cm y desemboca a los lados del frenillo lingual

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20
Q

En la glándula submaxilar es mixta con predominancia Serosa, sus acinos mucosos presentan (un tipo gorrito) o semiluna formado por acinos serosos llamados

A

Semiluna de Giannuzzi

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21
Q

El par mas pequeño de las glándulas salivales pesando entre dos y cuatro gramos, se encuentra sobre el musculo milohiodeo en el piso de la cavidad bucal entre la lengua y la fosa sublingual de la mandíbula

A

Glándula sublingual

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22
Q

La secreción de la glándula sublingual desemboca en un conducto llamado

A

Conducto de Bartholin por detrás de la caruncula sublingual

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23
Q

Otros conductos accesorios que puede tener la glándula sublingual se llaman

A

Conductos de Rivinus

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24
Q

Cantidad de lobulillos de glándulas salivales menores que desembocan a la cavidad bucal

A

550 y 1000 lobulillos

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25
Q

Las glándulas salivales menores miden aproximadamente

A

De uno a cinco milímetros siendo las más comunes las del paladar duro

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26
Q

Glándula mas grande y densa del cuerpo

A

Hígado

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27
Q

Peso aproximado del hígado

A

1500 gramos en el adulto

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28
Q

Función principal del hígado

A

Desintoxicación además de tener funciones exocrinas y endocrinas

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29
Q

Doble irrigación del hígado

A

Por un lado recibe sangre de la vena porta con sangre proveniente del intestino y otro un segundo sistema que proviene directo de la aorta a través de la arteria hepatica

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30
Q

Puede recibir toda la sustancia tóxica que ingresa al tubo digestivo por medio de

A

Vena porta

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31
Q

Celula epitelial glandular que constituye el parenquima hepatico se llama

A

Hepatocito

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32
Q

Capaz de degradar las sustancias tóxicas que ingerimos por oxidación,hidroxilacion, o conjunción

A

Hepatocito

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33
Q

Los productos de deshecho se excretan en

A

La bilis

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34
Q

Producto de secreción exocrina del hígado, fabricada por el Hepatocito que sirve para emulsificar las grasas que nos comemos

A

Bilis

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35
Q

La bilis es almacenada en

A

Vesícula biliar llegando por los conductos hepaticos

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36
Q

En el hígado los hepatocitos se disponen en

A

Placas o laminas

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37
Q

Las laminas de Hepatocitos tienen una disposición

A

Radial respecto a las ramas terminales de la vena hepatica

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38
Q

Su localización es en el centro de una de las unidades prismáticas de parenquima hepatico denominados lobulillos hepaticos o lobulillos clásicos

A

Vena central

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39
Q

Vértices de los lobulillos hepaticos son llamados

A

Espacios porta

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40
Q

La triada portal está conformada por

A

Un vaso biliar
Un vaso venoso
Vaso arterial rama de la arteria hepatica

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41
Q

Drena toda la bilis que se sintetiza en el hexágono que rodea a ese espacio porta drenando hacia

A

El conducto biliar

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42
Q

Unidad funcional hepatica

A

Acino hepatico de forma de hexágono

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43
Q

Las placas de hepatocitos se disponen en forma radial expuestas a cada lado a corrientes de sangre que fluyen en un sistema de canales vasculares llamados

A

Sinusoides hepaticos

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44
Q

En los humanos el tejido conectivo es

A

No hay límite entre lobulillos y el parenquima hepatico es casi continuo

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45
Q

Es un triángulo cuyos vértices están ocupados por tres venas centrales

A

Lobulillos portal

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46
Q

Los tres tipos de organización hepatica

A

Acino hepatico
Lobulillo clásico
Lobulillo portal

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47
Q

Porcentaje de irrigación sanguínea del hígado es de la vena porta

A

75%

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48
Q

Porcentaje de irrigación del hígado proveniente de la arteria hepatica

A

25%

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49
Q

La vena porta al pasar por la glandula hepatica se ramifica en

A

Venas interlobares

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50
Q

Las venas interlobares se ramifican en

A

Venas interlobulares

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51
Q

La mayoria del volumen sanguíneo va a parar al estroma del órgano un pequeño volumen continúa en

A

las arteriolas hepaticas terminales de los canales portales

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52
Q

las arteriolas hepaticas dan múltiples ramas colaterales que circunscriben los conductillos biliares y reciben el nombre de

A

Plexos peribiliares o plexos periductales

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53
Q

La sangre abandona el lobulillo hepatico a través de esa rama terminal de la vena hepatica que es

A

La vena central

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54
Q

La vena central drena a las

A

Venas intercaladas ( venas sublobulares)

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55
Q

Son mas grandes que los capilares y de forma más irregular, sus celulas están en aposición directa a las celulas epiteliales del parenquima

A

Sinusoides hepaticos

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56
Q

Tres tipos de celulas asociados a los sinusoides

A

La celula endotelial
Celula de kupffer
Celulas del Ito o celulas esteladas o estrelladas

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57
Q

Son aplanadas y forman la cubierta de revestimiento los sinusoides

A

Celulas endoteliales

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58
Q

Miembros del sistema mononuclear fagocitico

A

Celulas de Kupffer

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59
Q

Celulas almacenadoras de grasa que contienen muchas gotitas lípidicas , se encuentra por fuera del sinusoides pero emite ramificaciones que se ponen en contacto con las celulas parenquima tosas y con celulas endoteliales

A

Celulas del Ito

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60
Q

En su superficie sinusoidal el Hepatocito posee

A

Microvellosidades

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61
Q

La celula endotelial deja un pequeño espacio entre ella y las microvellosidades conocido como

A

Espacio perisinusoidal o espacio de Disse

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62
Q

La inclusión más abundante del citoplasma del Hepatocito es el

A

Glucógeno

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63
Q

Dos celulas adyacentes forman con sus membranas citoplasmaticas un

A

Canaliculo biliar

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64
Q

Es una estructura constituida por la membrana citoplasmatica de dos Hepatocitos adyacentes

A

Canaliculo biliar

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65
Q

Algunas partes del hígado están cubiertas por peritoneo, debajo de él hay una capa delgada de tejido conectivo irregular denso que se conoce como

A

Cápsula de Glisson

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66
Q

Flujo sanguineo en el hígado (debido a las células de Kupffer y al alto flujo sanguíneo)

A

500ml/min

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67
Q

El hígado hace con la sangre

A

Filtra la sangre removiéndole partículas extrañas y deshechos celulares

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68
Q

En el hígados se sintetizan todas las lipoproteinas excepto

A

Los quilomicrones sintetizados en el intestino delgado

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69
Q

Son las accarreadoras de los lípidos en la sangre incluyendo el colesterol

A

Lipoproteinas

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70
Q

Función excretora importante del hígado es

A

La captación y excreción de pigmento de bilirrubina

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71
Q

Se origina de la hemocateresis realizada por las células de Kupffer y los fagocitos del bazo

A

Bilirrubina

72
Q

Es un órgano que su principal función es almacenar la bilis

A

Vesícula biliar

73
Q

Ubicación de la vesícula biliar

A

Borde inferior del hígado en el plano de la línea medioclavicular a nivel del noveno arco costal con un tamaño de hasta 15 cm

74
Q

Partes de la vesícula biliar

A

Fondo,cuerpo y cuello

75
Q

La vesícula biliar desemboca

A

Al nivel del conducto cistico en la segunda porción del duodeno

76
Q

Grosor de la pared de la vesícula biliar

A

2 mm

77
Q

La vesícula biliar está formada por

A

Mucosa , muscular y Serosa

78
Q

Formada por epitelio columnar simple, con sus nucleos ubicados basalmente, forma pliegues en forma de dedos con escaso tejido conectivo, debajo del epitelio hay una lamina basal que descansa sobre una lamina propia de tejido conectivo laxo, fibras elásticas, nerviosas, vasos sanguíneos y linfáticos productoras de IgA

A

Mucosa de la vesícula biliar

79
Q

La capa muscular de la vesícula biliar constituida por

A

Musculo liso y puede emitir fibras que tocan el epitelio de la mucosa con celulas plasmaticas que producen IgM y la lamina propia se entremezcla con la muscular

80
Q

La Serosa de la vesícula biliar es

A

Epitelio plano simple que envuelve al órgano, debajo se distinguen fibras de tejido conectivo, adiposo, vasos sanguíneos y linfáticos que constituyen una subserosa

81
Q

Son herniaciones o invaginaciones de la mucosa que puede llegar a la subserosa en un 86% de los casos presentes en la vesícula biliar

A

Senos de Rokitansky-Aschoff

82
Q

Son pequeños conductos ubicados en la cara hepatica de la vesícula biliar por donde pasa material biliar, presente en un 10% de las vesículas biliares y representa restos embrionarios

A

Conductos de Luschka

83
Q

Cuanto mide el conducto cistico de largo y su diámetro

A

20 a 65 mm de largo

Y 4 mm de diámetro interno

84
Q

Es un epitelio plano estratificado no queratenizado con papilas

A

Lengua

85
Q

Epitelio plano estratificado no queratenizado con musculo por debajo liso o estriado dependiendo su ubicación

A

Esófago

86
Q

Presencia de senos Rokitansky-Aschoff

A

Vesícula biliar

87
Q

Tiene sinusoides que covergen en una vena central

A

Hígado

88
Q

Epitelio columnar simple se encuentra en

A

Estomago

89
Q

Main function of the salivary glands

A

Moinsten and lubricate ingested food, to initiate digestion with enzymes like amilase and lipase and innate immunity components such as Lysozyme and lactoferrin

90
Q

Main function of liver

A

Carbohydrate and protein metabolism
Inactivates toxic substances and drugs
Synthesis of plasma proteins and factors necesary for coagulation

91
Q

PH of saliva

A

6.5 to 6.9

92
Q

Minor mucosal salivary glands secrete … Of the total saliva volume

A

10%

93
Q

Inadequate saliva production, leading dry mouth called

A

Xerostomia

94
Q

Xerostomia is caused by

A

Mumps viral infection
Radiation of the glands
Effect of drugs such as anti histamine

95
Q

Saliva is modified by the cells of

A

The ducts system draining the secretory units, with much Na and Cl reabsorbed and growth factors and enzymes are added

96
Q

Excessive saliva production , associated with autonomic activity of nausea, inflammation within the oral cavity and rabies viral infection

A

Sialorrhea

97
Q

Intercalated ducts have An epithelial

A

Cuboidal

98
Q

Intercalated ducts joined form

A

Striated ducts with columnar striated duct cells and reabsorb Na

99
Q

Usually elicited through the smell or taste food, provokes a copious watery secretion little organic content in salivary glands

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

100
Q

Inhibits stimulation and secretion and produce the potential for dry mouth associated with anxiety

A

Sympathetic stimulation

101
Q

Produce two third of all saliva

A

Submandibular glands

102
Q

Secrete alpha amylase

A

Parotid glands

103
Q

Secrete enzymes including Lysozyme for bacterial hydrolisis

A

Submandibular glands

104
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas involves primarily smaller cells similar to enteroendocrine cells located in variously size cluster called

A

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

105
Q

Is usually a carcinoma of duct cells, can arise anywhere in the gland but occurs most often in the head of the organ near the duodenum, tumor is asymptomatic until grow and metastasis

A

Pancreatic cancer

106
Q

Is a mixed exocrine-endocrine gland that produces both digestive enzymes and hormones, a retroperitoneal organ, consist of serous cells surrounding a very small lumen, each acinus is drained by short intercalated duct os simple squamous epithelium

A

Pancreas

107
Q

Cells of the intercalated ducts secrete a large volume of fluid, which alkalinizes and transports hydrolytic enzymes produced in the acini.

A

Bicarbonate ions HCO3

108
Q

The initial cells of the pancreas of these small intercalated ducts extend into the lumen of the acinus as small pale-staining

A

Centroacinar cells

109
Q

The intercalated ducts merge with intralobular ducts and larger interlobular ducts which have increasingly columnar epithelia before joining to

A

Main pancreatic duct

110
Q

The exocrine pancreas secretes approximately

A

1.5 L of alkaline pancreatic juice per day and delivers it directly into duodenum where the HCO3 ions neutralize the acidic Chyme from the stomach

111
Q

The pancreas digestive enzymes include

A

Proteases, alpha amylase, lipases and nucleases

112
Q

The proteases are secreted as inactive zymogens which are

A 
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen 
Proelastase 
Kallikreinogen
Procarboxipeptidases
113
Q

Trypsinogen is cleaved and activated by…. In the duodenum generating trypsin that activates the other proteases in cascade

A

Enteropeptidase

114
Q

Pancreatic is protected against autodigestion by the following

A

Restricting protease activation to the duodenum
Trypsin inhibitor which is compackaged in the secretory granules with trypsinogen.
Low pH in the acini and duct system due to HCO3 secreted by the centroacinar and intercalated duct cells

115
Q

The proenzymes may be activated and digest pancreatic tissues, possible include infection, gallstones, alcoholism, drugs and trauma

A

Acute pancreatitis

116
Q

Can produce progressive fibrosis and loss of pancreatic function

A

Chronic pancreatitis

117
Q

Exocrine secretion in the pancreas is regulated by two polypeptide hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of small intestine

A

Cholecystokinin CCK

Secretin

118
Q

Stimulates enzyme secretion by acinar cells

A

Cholecystokenin CCK

119
Q

Promotes water and HCO3 secretion by the duct cells

A

Secretin

120
Q

Nerve fibers also stimulate secretion from both acinar and duct cells

A

Autonomic parasympathetic

121
Q

In normal liver most dense connective tissue is found only in the

A

Portal areas, surrounding blood vessels and bile ductule

122
Q

Occurs late in chronic liver disease, fibrosis and proliferation of fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells

A

Cirrhosis

123
Q

Liver is the largest internal organ in adults averaging about

A

1.5 kg or 2% of the body weight

124
Q

Has major left and right lobes with two smaller inferior lobes covered by a thin capsule and mesothelium of the visceral peritoneum

A

Liver

125
Q

The capsule thickens at the hilum (or porta hepatis) on the inferior side where the dual blood supply from

A

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

126
Q

Main function of the liver is production of.., major interface between the digestive system and the blood as the organ in which nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are processed before distribution

A

Bile

127
Q

About 75% of the blood entering the liver is nutrient rich but O2 poor , blood from …. Arising from the stomach, intestines, and spleen

A

Portal vein

128
Q

25% comes from…. , and supplies the organs O2

A

Hepatic artery

129
Q

The most functionally diverse cells of the body

A

Hepatocytes

130
Q

Hepatocytes synthesis and secretion of plasma proteins including

A

Albumins, fibrinogen, apolipoproteins, transferrin and many others

131
Q

Function of liver

A 
Synthesis plasma proteins
Gluconeogenesis
Destoxification
Desmination producing urea
Storage of glucose and triglycerides 
Storage of vitamin A in hepatic stellate cells
Kupffer cells
Storage on iron in complexes with protein ferritin
132
Q

Are large cuboidal or polyhedral epithelial cells, binucleated,50% are polyploid

A

Hepatocytes

133
Q

The parenchyma is organized in ….., in which Hepatocytes form hundreds of irregular plates arranged radially around a small central vein

A

Hepatic lobules

134
Q

The Hepatocyte plates are supported by a delicate stroma of

A

Reticulin fibers

135
Q

Portal triad

A

Venule branch of the portal vein, with blood rich in nutrients but low in O2
An arteriole branch of the hepatic artery
One or two small Bile ductules of cuboidal epithelium branches of the Bile conducting system

136
Q

Between all the anastomosing plates of hepatocytes of a hepatic lobule are important vascular…., that emerge from the peripheral branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery and converge on the lobule’s central vein

A

Sinusoids

137
Q

The anastomosing Sinusoids have fenestrated endothelial cells surround by sparse basal lamina and reticular fibers, the discontinuous fenestration allow to plasma fill a narrow

A

Perisinusoidal space or space of Disse

138
Q

Cells found with the Sinusoids of hepatic lobules

A

Kupffer cells

Ito cells or stellate cells

139
Q

Stellate macrophages, phagocytose aged eritrocytes freeing heme and iron for reuse, remove bacteria or debris

A

Kupffer cells

140
Q

In space of Disse or perisinusoidal space are cells that store vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins and produce ECM components (becoming myofibroblast after live injury) and cytokines that regulate Kupffer cells

A

Ito cells or hepatic stellate cells

141
Q

Central venules from each lobule converge into larger veins which eventually form two or more large

A

Hepatic veins that empty into the inferior vena cava

142
Q

Blood always flow from

A

Periphery to the center of each hepatic lobule

143
Q

Oxygen and metabolites as Toxic or nontoxic substances absorbed in the intestines, are

A

Reach first lobule’s peripheral cell and then more central

144
Q

Hepatocytes near the portal areas can

A

Rely on aerobic metabolism and active in protein synthesis

145
Q

Hepatocytes more central are exposed

A

To lower concentration of nutrients and oxygen and are more involved with detoxufication and glycogen metabolism

146
Q

The hepatic plates hepatocytes adhere firmly with

A

Desmosomes and juntional complexes

147
Q

The smaller apical surfaces of the hepatocytes form …, are enlongated space (total length 1km) with large surface area due to the many short microvilli from hepatocytes

A

Bile canaliculi involved in exocrine secretion,

148
Q

The Bile flows

A

From the center of the lobule to its periphery

149
Q

Bile canaliculi are the smallest branches of the bilary tree , they empty into Bile….

A

Canals of hering

150
Q

Canals of hering composed of cuboidal epithelial cells called

A

Cholangiocytes

151
Q

The short Bile canals quickly merge in the portal areas with the Bile ductules (with distint connective sheath), merge, enlarge and form a right and left

A

Hepatic ducts

152
Q

Into the canaliculi Hepatocyte secrete Bile which are a mixture of

A

Bile acids (cholic acid), Bile salt, electrolytes, fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and bilirubin

153
Q

Pigmented breakdown product of heme that is released from splenic macrophages primario but also from Kupffer cells and carried to hepatocytes bound to albumen

A

Bilirubin

154
Q

Give feces and urine their characterisitic colors

A

Bilirubin-related

155
Q

Fibrosis produces connective tissue that can fill the perisinusoidal space and interfere with metabolic exchange between the hepatocytes and sinusoid

A

Cirrhosis

156
Q

Fatty liver disease is a reversible condition in which large lipids droplets containing triglycerides accumulate abnormally in hepatocytes ,this disorder has multiple causes, but it occurs most commonly in individuals with alcoholism or obesity,vía the process called

A

Steatosis

157
Q

Accumulation of fat in hepatocytes may produce a progressive inflammation of the liver, or hepatitis in this case called

A

Steatohepatitis

158
Q

Three ways of considering live lobule structure

A

Hepatic lobule
Portal lobule
Hapatic acinus

159
Q

Live lobule structure with blood flowing past hepatocytes from the portal areas to central venule producing factors for uptake by plasma

A

Hepatic lobule

160
Q

Live lobule structure of liver, considering the exocrine function, Bile secretion, with the portal area that has the Bile ductule at the center moving in the opposite direction as the blood, drained Bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct, the area drained by each Bile duct is triangular

A

Portal lobule

161
Q

Liver cells that supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes and the oxygen gradient fron hepatic artery branch to the central vein

A

Hepatic acinus

162
Q

Peripheral hepatocytes nearest hepatic arterioles in the acinus get the most oxygen and nutrients carry out functions like protein synthesis

A

Zone I of hepatic acinus

163
Q

Hepatocytes near the central vein that get the least oxigen and nutrients, sites of glycolysis, first hepatocytes to undergo fatty accumulation and ischemic necrosis

A

Zone III of hepatic acinus

164
Q

Important function of Hepatocyte SER is

A

Conjugation of Hidrophobic yellow Bilirrubin by glucuronosyl transfer ases to form water soluble

165
Q

The liver has a strong capacity for

A

Regeneration

166
Q

Hepatocytes loss from action of toxic substances triggers mitosis in theremaining healthy Hepatocyte in a process of

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

167
Q

Produce progenitor cells for hepatocytes and Cholangiocytes

A

Oval cells

168
Q

Liver carcinoma is associated with

A

Chronic viral hapatitis B or C and Cirrhosis

169
Q

The Bile produced by the hepatocytes flows through the

A

Bile canaliculi, Bile ductules, and Bile duct (left and right) that merge and form common hepatic duct that join cystic duct from gallbladder and continues the duodenum as common Bile duct

170
Q

Hepatic, cystic and common Bile duct have and epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium of Cholangiocytes with thin lamina propia and Submucosa and muscularis

171
Q

Muscularis in the gallbladder becomes thicker near the duodenum forming

A

A sphincter

172
Q

Gallbladder capable for storing

A

30-50mL of Bile

173
Q

The mucosa has numerous folds that are evident when the gallbladder is empty called

A

Senos de rokitansky Aschoff

174
Q

Contraction of the gallbladder muscularis is induced by

A

Cholecystokinin CCK

175
Q

Reabsorption of water from Bile in the gallbladder is involved in the formation of gallstones in the lumen of the gallbladder or bilary duct a condition called

A

Cholelithiasis

176
Q

Supersaturation of cholesterol in Bile can lead to formation of

A

Cholesterol stones

Histologia Junqueira's (24 decks)

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