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Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the urinary system

A

Excretory system for excess fluids, toxins, and metabolic wastes

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2
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system

A

Kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra

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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

Behind the parietal peritoneum (back of the abdominal wall) —> Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of the kidney

A

Filters blood, adjusts chemical components of blood (neutralizes toxins), regulates blood volume, recycles and takes out water

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5
Q

What are the structures of the kidney that produce urine

A

Fibrous capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla

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6
Q

What are the structures of the kidney that drain urine

A

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, urethra (drains in that order)

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7
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of the kidney

A

Dense irregular CT on top of renal cortex

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8
Q

What is the renal cortex

A

The outer tissue layer of the kidney

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9
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

Inner tissue layer of the kidney split into renal pyramids

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10
Q

What is a uriniferous tubule

A

A nephron and a collecting duct

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11
Q

What are the kinds of nephrons

A

Cortical (short loop of Henle, most nephrons) and juxtamedullary (longer loop that extends into medulla, concentrates urine)

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12
Q

What is filtration

A

Movement of fluids and wastes from blood capillaries into a nephron

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13
Q

What is resorption

A

Nutrients, water, ions recovered by the body and moved from the nephron back into capillaries (active, takes energy)

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14
Q

What is secretion

A

Additional molecules moving actively and selectively from capillaries into the nephron (when too big for filtration)

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15
Q

What are the parts of a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

What does it mean to concentrate urine

A

Take water out

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17
Q

What process happens at the renal corpuscle

A

Filtration

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18
Q

What are the structures of the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule

19
Q

What is the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle

A

Ball of fenestrated capillaries (afferent arteriole going in, efferent coming out) covered by podocytes

20
Q

What is the glomerular capsule of the renal corpuscle

A

2 layered structures (parietal is outer layer of capsule, visceral surrounds capillaries)

21
Q

What is different about the arterioles in the renal corpuscle

A

Afferent is bigger to push more blood in and create pressure that pushes blood through the capillaries into the capsule

22
Q

What is another name for the glomerular capsule

A

Bowman’s Capsule

23
Q

What type of capillaries are in the glomerulus of the renal corpuscle

A

Fenestrated (filtrate must squeeze through fenestrations and filtration slits of podocytes)

24
Q

What is the filtrate made of that seeps into the glomerular capsule of the renal corpuscle

A

Water, ions, glucose, amino acids, urea, etc.

25
Q

What are the characteristics of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli (increase absorption), protein pumps (Na/K), cuboidal cells resorb salt, vitamins and water - resorption and secretion

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the thin loop of henle

A

Water can leave via osmosis (high concentration to low concentration), otherwise impermeable, simple squamous epithelium for resorption of water, covered by efferent capillaries

27
Q

What are the characteristics of the ascending loop of henle

A

Na/K pump, water unable to leave, simple cuboidal epithelium for resorption and secretion

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Na/K pump, simple cuboidal epithelium for resorption and secretion, not as much tuning needed

29
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the collecting duct

A

Collects urine from many nephrons, passes from cortex through medulla, empties into minor calyx, minor alterations to urine (last chance), simple cuboidal epithelium for resorption and secretion

30
Q

What are peritubular capillaries

A

Surround convoluted tubules of cortical nephrons, very porous for resorption and secretion

31
Q

What are vasa recta

A

The vessels around the loop of henle within the medulla that are best at resorbing water and concentrating urine, mainly associated with juxtamedullary nephrons

32
Q

What is hemodialysis

A

Procedure to cleanse blood when kidneys are not working properly so it doesn’t become toxic

33
Q

How does hemodialysis work

A

Anticoagulant is added to blood pumped through tubes, dialyzer with cellophane filters remove wastes from the blood, air trap ensures no air bubbles get pumped back into the body

34
Q

What are kidney stones

A

Can precipitate out of urine (usually calcium) and block ureter causing urine to build in the renal pelvis

35
Q

How do you treat kidney stones

A

Drugs and ultrasounds to break up and dissolve them, hydrate to prevent them from forming

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the ureter

A

Drains urine from the renal pelvis, lined by transitional epithelium (umbrella cells)

37
Q

What is the urinary bladder

A

Muscular sac that collects and stores urine until it needs to be empty, lined by transitional epithelium

38
Q

How does the bladder fill

A

It moves upwards

39
Q

What are the layers of the bladder wall

A

Adventitia (CT covering) with fat cells, detrusor muscle, lamina propria, transitional epithelium

40
Q

What is the detrusor muscle

A

Thick smooth muscle that’s under control of parasympathetic NS and signals contraction when bladder stretches

41
Q

What are the structures of the urinary bladder and urethra

A

Detrusor muscle, internal urethral sphincter, and external urethral sphincter

42
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter

A

Smooth muscle under control of sympathetic NS that signals contraction when bladder is filling

43
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter

A

Skeletal muscle that develops as a child, under voluntary control of somatic motor division of NS

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the urethra

A

Transitional epithelium near bladder then stratified squamous (continuous with skin), about 1/5 of the size in females vs males (more prone to infection)

Anatomy (16 decks)

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