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Anatomy > Special Senses (+Lymphatic System) > Flashcards

Special Senses (+Lymphatic System) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of special sense receptors

A

Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors

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2
Q

What is not a special sense

A

Touch

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3
Q

What are the special senses and their receptors

A

Smell (chemoreceptors), taste (chemoreceptors), hearing (mechanoreceptors), equilibrium/balance (mechanoreceptors), and sight (photoreceptors)

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4
Q

What is another word for smell

A

Olfaction

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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6
Q

Where do receptors synapse with interneurons of the brain for smell

A

Olfactory bulbs just under the frontal lobe

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7
Q

What kind of cell is an olfactory receptor cell

A

Bipolar

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8
Q

What are the PNS structures involved in smell

A

Olfactory epithelium, olfactory receptor cells, and cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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9
Q

What are the CNS structures involved in smell

A

Interneurons and glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

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10
Q

What do interneurons send the signal through to get to the olfactory cortex of the brain

A

The olfactory tract

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11
Q

What are the 4 steps to smell something

A

Mucus traps molecules from inhaled air, olfactory receptors are activated, synapse in a glomerulus that amplifies the signal, activated interneurons send signal through olfactory tract

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12
Q

What distinguishes smells

A

Different patterns of chemical combinations (more chemicals makes a stronger smell)

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13
Q

What papilla of the tongue contain taste buds

A

Vallate (circumvallate) and Fungiform

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14
Q

What papillae of the tongue does not have taste buds

A

Filiform papillae

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15
Q

How many taste buds does each papilla have

A

Over 100

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16
Q

What is a taste bud made of

A

A taste pore with gustatory receptor cells with hair, supporting cells, and basal cells

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17
Q

What do gustatory receptor cells do

A

The microvillus (hair) interacts with and binds to chemicals

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18
Q

What is the function of supporting cells in taste pores

A

They are insulatory and help get rid of extra neurotransmitters

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19
Q

What are basal cells in taste pores

A

Essentially stem cells that replace old/damaged cells every 7-10 days

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20
Q

What is another term for the axons involved in taste

A

Taste fibers of the cranial nerve

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21
Q

What are the steps to tasting

A

Molecules dissolved in saliva and present through taste pore, gustatory receptor cells are activated, axons transport the signal to the CNS

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22
Q

What are the types of taste sensations

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami/savory (can all be intermixed within one taste bud)

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23
Q

What is flavor

A

A combination/pattern of taste, smell, and texture

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24
Q

What is our dominant sense

A

Vision

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25
Q

What is the anatomy of the external eye

A

Iris, pupil, sclera, eyelid, palpebral fissure

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26
Q

What is another word for eyelid

A

Palpebra

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27
Q

What is the pupil

A

The whole within the iris that can change diameter

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28
Q

What is the palpebral fissure

A

Opening created when the eyelid is up

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29
Q

What is the lacrimal gland

A

Above the outer edge of the eye, serous cells produce tears

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30
Q

What are tears

A

Water and protein rich fluid that washes irritants away from the surface of the eye

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31
Q

How are tears drained from the eye

A

Lacrimal canaliculi (inner corner channel) to the lacrimal sac to the nasolacrimal duct to the nasal cavity

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32
Q

How many extrinsic muscles does the eye have and what is their function

A

6, they are skeletal muscle that attaches to the sclera (collagen fibers intermix) that work together to turn eyes to the same place at the same time

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33
Q

What is strabismus

A

Misaligned eyes (“cross eyed”)

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34
Q

What causes strabismus

A

Problems with one or more of the extrinsic eye muscles (length, attachment, paralyzed, weak, etc.)

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35
Q

What are the results of strabismus

A

Double vision, lack of stereoscopic (3D) vision, and amblyopia if untreated

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36
Q

What is amblyopia

A

Reduced vision in the weaker/lazy eye caused by strabismus because the cerebral cortex of the occipital lobe ignores the signals from that eye

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37
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye

A

Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and sensory tunic

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38
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the fibrous tunic of the eye

A

Outer layer that’s an extension of the dura mater, provides protection and mechanical support, avascular, made of the sclera and cornea

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39
Q

What is the sclera of the eye

A

The white, dense irregular CT that allows the eye to keep its shape

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40
Q

What is the cornea of the eye

A

Transparent dense regular CT that is continuous with the anterior sclera

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41
Q

What is the sclera covered with

A

Conjunctiva (mucous membranes made of stratified columnar epithelium and goblet cells) that’s sticky and vascularized

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42
Q

What are the characteristics of the vascular tunic

A

Lines the inner surface of the sclera, made of choroid, iris, and ciliary body

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43
Q

What is the choroid

A

Vascular, dark surface that absorbs excess light

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44
Q

What is the iris of the eye

A

Mainly smooth muscle that contracts/enlarges to change the size of pupil and regulate light entering the eye with melanocytes that produce brown pigment

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45
Q

What determines eye color

A

How much brown pigment someone has on the anterior region of their iris

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46
Q

What is the ciliary body

A

Smooth muscle that suspends and controls the shape of the lens to focus light on the back surface of the eye, has capillaries in it that produce aqueous humor

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47
Q

Describe the flow of aqueous humor

A

Ciliary processes produce it, it circulates through the anterior segment, then is removed through the scleral venous sinus (a blood sinus)

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48
Q

What is the sensory tunic of the eye

A

The retina

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49
Q

What are the 2 layers of the retina

A

The pigmented layer (lies against the choroid), and the neural layer (in contact with the lumen)

50
Q

What is the pigmented layer of the retina

A

A single epithelial layer with melanin granules that absorbs light and nourishes the neural layer

51
Q

What is the neural layer of the retina

A

Photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

52
Q

Which cells are activated by light in the eye

A

Photoreceptors (rods and cones)

53
Q

What are the types of photoreceptors in the eye

A

Rods and cones

54
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of rod cells

A

Most numerous, most sensitive to light (good for night vision), more in the sides of the eye, absorb photons of green light, responds to a broad range of light

55
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of rod cells

A

Involved in color vision with 3 subtypes to respond to blue, red, and green light, work best in bright light (because not enough light to activate when dim), concentrated within the retina at the back of the eye

56
Q

What do bipolar cells in the eye do

A

Activated by rods and cones, they activate ganglion cells

57
Q

What do ganglion cells in the eye do

A

Activated by bipolar cells, their axons transmit electrical impulses to the brain through the optic nerve

58
Q

How are photoreceptors activated

A

Different cells contain different pigments, these pigments are broken down by different wavelengths of light to activate the cell, the pigments rebuild to allow the cells to be reactivated

59
Q

What is the optic disc

A

Where axons of ganglion cells leave the back of the eye causing a blind spot because there are no rods or cones

60
Q

What is the macula lutea of the eye

A

Region at posterior pole of the eye, mostly made of cones, where you get the best image of something in bright light conditions

61
Q

What is the fovea centralis

A

The very center of the macula latea, all cones, that has maximum visual acuity (images focus here when you look directly at them)

62
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the lens of the eye

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium along its anterior surface, concentric layers of fibers produced by epithelial cells (looks like an onion), changes shape to focus light (slight stretch like rubber ball), and separates the anterior segment from the posterior segment of the eye

63
Q

What is an emmetropic eye

A

A normal eye (right shape and size) where light focuses on the retina

64
Q

What is a myopic eye

A

Nearsighted, eye is too long so the image focused in front of the retina, concave lenses needed to correct

65
Q

What is a hyperopic eye

A

Farsighted eye, eye is too short so image focuses behind the retina, needs convex lens to correct

66
Q

What is presbyopia

A

The lens of the eye becomes less elastic as we age so we can’t accommodate or focus as well

67
Q

What does LASIK surgery do

A

Reshapes the surface of the cornea using a layer to redirect light properly into the surface of the retina

68
Q

What is an astigmatism

A

Abnormal shape of the cornea (like bulge) that causes light to diffract/scatter differently and produced two or more focal points (contacts weighted so their orientation is correct)

69
Q

What is the anterior segment of the eye

A

Between the cornea and lens, with anterior and posterior chambers, contains aqueous humor

70
Q

What is aqueous humor

A

Blood filtrate that supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea

71
Q

What is glaucoma

A

Condition where aqueous humor is drained slower than it’s produced, increasing the pressure and damaging the retina (could lead to blindness)

72
Q

What is the posterior segment of the eye

A

Behind the lens, contains vitreous humor

73
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of vitreous humor

A

Mostly water and some collagen fibers, behaves like partly set jello, supports the lens and retina, born with the amount of it you’re gonna have (problematic if it clouds)

74
Q

What is a detached retina

A

A hole/small tear in the retina that allows vitreous humor to leak between the pigmented and neural layers + peel away from the choroid layer

75
Q

What is the result of a detached retina

A

Photoreceptor cells die if the neural layer isn’t reattached to the nourishing underlying layer

76
Q

What are the 3 regions of the ear and what do they do

A

External (collects and dampens sound - hearing), middle (amplifies, dampens, and transmits sound waves - hearing), and inner (sensory organs for hearing and equilibrium)

77
Q

What are the structures of the external ear

A

The auricle (pinna), external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane (eardrum)

78
Q

What is the auricle

A

The outer fleshy portion of the ear visible to us that provides protection and funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus

79
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus

A

Air filled canal lined by stratified squamous epithelium (skin), with hairs and ceruminous glands

80
Q

What do the hairs of the external acoustic membrane of the ear do

A

Keep insects and foreign materials out

81
Q

What do the ceruminous glands of the external acoustic meatus of the ear do

A

Secrete cerumen (wax) that stops microorganisms from growing and prevents ear infections

82
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the tympanic membrane of the ear

A

It separates the external and middle ear, dense fibrous CT continuous with skin on the external side, mucous membrane on the middle ear side, and vibrates when hit by sound waves

83
Q

What is a perforated eardrum

A

Membrane will heal but scar tissue can affect hearing

84
Q

What are the characteristics of the middle ear

A

Air filled cavity that contains auditory ossicles and connects with the nasopharynx via the pharyngotympanic tube

85
Q

What are the auditory ossicles

A

3 small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit vibration from the tympanic membrane towards the inner ear

86
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube do

A

Allows you to equalize pressure with the outside air

87
Q

What is the pathway of vibration in the middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane to malleus to incus to stapes to oval window (connects with inner ear)

88
Q

What are the skeletal muscles that attach to the auditory ossicles and what do they do

A

Muscles that tense up to dampen strong vibrations that could damage receptors in the inner ear, tensor tympani connects to the malleus and the stapedius (smallest skeletal muscle) attaches to the stapes

89
Q

What are the windows of the middle ear

A

Vibrations from stales pass to fluid of inner ear from oval window (enters), and vibrations leave inner ear after activating receptors through the round window

90
Q

What happens after vibrations exit the round window

A

The sound dissapates into the middle ear and air filled space

91
Q

What are the characteristics of the inner ear

A

Fluid filled, has sensory receptors for hearing and equilibrium, made of membranous duct contained within the temporal bone

92
Q

What is the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

A

Cave-like cavity that contains all other structure as well as nourishing perilymph fluid (like CSF)

93
Q

What are the 3 regions of the bony labyrinth

A

Cochlea, vestibule, and 3 semicircular canals (all on different planes)

94
Q

What are the characteristics of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

A

Water balloon like structure with endolymph fluid (reacts with receptor cells)

95
Q

What are the regions of the membranous labyrinth

A

Cochlear duct (in cochlea), utricle (in vestibule), saccule (in vestibule), and semicircular ducts (in semicircular canals)

96
Q

How does vibration travel through the cochlea

A

Enters oval window, goes through scala vestibuli (perilymph), then scala media (endolymph), crosses the basilar membrane (with sound receptors), into the scala tympani (perilymph), exists round window

97
Q

What determines the pitch of sound

A

Where it crossed the basilar membrane (high frequency closer to base, low frequency further along)

98
Q

What is the Spiral organ of Corti

A

Region of the cochlear duct on basilar membrane made of simple columnar epithelium and receptor cells

99
Q

What are the structures of the Spiral organ of Corti

A

Hair cells (mechanoreceptors), stereocilia (hairs), tectorial membrane, fibers of the cochlear nerve (sensory neurons), and supporting cells (protect and support)

100
Q

What do the stereocilia of the organs in the inner ear do

A

Organelles of hair cells that initiate an electrical impulse and activate the cell when bent

101
Q

What is the tectorial membrane of the Spiral organ of Corti

A

Rigid sheet of collagen fibers that stereocilia are embedded in

102
Q

What part of the Spiral organ of Corti moves when sound passes from the scala media to the scala tympani

A

The basilar membrane

103
Q

What are the characteristics of the utricle and saccule of the inner ear

A

Membranous structure within bony Vestibule, utricle responds to horizontal movement, saccule responds to vertical movement, both have Macula

104
Q

What is a macula

A

A region of sensory epithelium in the utricle and saccule that responds to linear movement

105
Q

What are the structures of maculae

A

Supporting cells (simple columnar epithelium), hair cells, stereocilia, otolithic membrane, and otoliths

106
Q

What is the otolithic membrane of the maculae

A

A flat jelly like disc that sits on the sensory epithelium and shifts in response to movement of endolymph to bend stereocilia

107
Q

What are otoliths

A

Calcium carbonate crystals that add weight to the otolithic membrane to cause a more dramatic shift

108
Q

What are the characteristics of the semicircular ducts

A

1 per canal, each with a barbell shaped Crista ampullaris (sensory epithelium that responds to rotational forces)

109
Q

What are the structures of a Crista Ampullaris

A

Supporting cells (simple columnar epithelium), hair cells, stereocilia, and cupula

110
Q

What is the cupula of a Crista Ampullaris

A

Gelatinous mass that tips under rotational forces and bends stereocilia

111
Q

Which structures of the inner ear could cause vertigo

A

Maculae and Crista ampullares

112
Q

What is vertigo

A

Feeling motion when you aren’t moving (could be caused by PNS and CNS

113
Q

What in the inner ear could cause vertigo

A

Alcohol thins endolymph and impacts how it interacts with structures, viral/bacterial infection changes pressure, or otolith from maculae can dislodge and impact cupula of crista ampullaris (activate it when it shouldn’t be)

114
Q

What does the lymphatic system do (3 things)

A

Transports: interstitial fluid built up in tissues back to blood stream, absorbed fats from fats from small intestine into the blood, and immune cells to and from the lymph nodes to the blood

115
Q

Where does interstitial fluid come from

A

Leaks from blood capillaries

116
Q

What is another word for interstitial fluid

A

Called LYMPH when in lymph vessels

117
Q

Why do lymph nodes swell when sick

A

Because they fill with white blood cells

118
Q

What are the primary structures of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic collecting vessels, nodes, trunks, and ducts

119
Q

What is lymphedema

A

Swelling in regions of the body due to obstructions within lymphatic structures

120
Q

What are the most common causes of lymphedema

A

In the US: removal/enlargement of lymph nodes, in 3rd world countries: obstruction (like parasite)

121
Q

What is elephantiasis

A

Lymphedema caused by a parasite

122
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of elephantiasis

A

Most common parasite nematode to cause it, larva are carried by mosquitoes, adult forms thrive in human lymphatic system (blocks lymph nodes and collecting vessels)

Anatomy (16 decks)

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