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Anatomy > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organ

A

A part of the body made of 2+ tissue layers that work together to perform specific functions (e.g. stomach, skin, lung, sweat gland, etc.)

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2
Q

Is a membrane an organ

A

Yes but it can also just be part of an organ

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3
Q

What are 4ish functions of the integument

A

Water-resistant and protects against internal evaporation (sebum/oil and glycolipids create a barrier), excretion of liquids and salts to get rid of excess and regulate temperature, sensory receptors for touch, temperature, and pain, body temp regulation (capillary network, evaporation, and hair), protection against bacteria, dehydration, and UV light absorption

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4
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum: corneum, lucidum (thin layer in thick skin), granulosum (full of keratin granuoles), spinosum, basale, and the dermis

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5
Q

What types of cells are in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, and dendritic cells

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6
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of keratinocytes

A

Most abundant, produce keratin, connected by desmosomes, new cells made at basal surface and oldest cells at apical surface (cells dead at stratum cornieum), replaced every 35-45 days but production sped up by friction

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of melanocytes

A

They produce pigment/melanin which is transported to adjacent keratinocytes (typically on apical surface to protect nucleus from UV light) and are found in stratum basale

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of merkel cells

A

They have sensory touch receptors to respond to pressure, with associated nerve endings to send info to the nervous system, only found in the stratum basale layer

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of dendritic cells

A

Originating in the dermis and moving through the epidermis, a phagocytic cell that engulfs foreign material, protects from pathogens, and mainly found in stratum spinosum

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10
Q

What are keratohyaline granules

A

Formed of protein keratin that get longer as they fill with keratin

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11
Q

What are lamellated granules

A

Granules that produce a glycolipid to be once secreted once merged with the plasma membrane

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12
Q

What layer of skin thickens to form a callus

A

Stratum corneum

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13
Q

What kind of CT is the papillary layer of the dermis

A

Loose areolar CT

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14
Q

What is the function of the dermal papilla (folds)

A

Increase surface area and create a stronger connection to the epidermis

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15
Q

What are the layers of the dermis

A

Papillary and reticular layer (dense irregular CT)

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16
Q

What is the hypodermis made up

A

Adipose CT

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17
Q

What are the classifications of burns

A

1st degree (damage to epidermis), 2nd degree (damage to dermis), 3rd/4th degree (damage to hypodermis or deeper)

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18
Q

What are the appendages of the skin

A

Formed from epidermal tissue: hair, sebaceous glands (oil), sudoriferous glands (sweat), and nails

19
Q

What is the arrector pili

A

Smooth muscle that pulls hair up (how they’re able to stand up on end)

20
Q

What is the root hair plexus

A

Free nerve ending that wraps around the follicle for sensory input (how you know one of your hairs has been moved)

21
Q

What are the regions of the hair

A

Bulb (where new cells are added), root, and shaft (once free of follicle)

22
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of hair

A

Made of dead keratinized cells added at the bulb, helping in thermoregulation, providing protection, can be vellus (fine body hair) or terminal (coarse hair like on the head or pubic area), active for months to years (hair in follicle falls out when dormant), not found on soles of feet or palms of hand

23
Q

What are the layers in a cross section of hair

A

Medulla (loosely packed large cells/bubbles), cortex (many layers of flattened and pigmented cells), cuticle (one layer of highly keratinized cells), and the follicle wall

24
Q

How do cross sections of hair affect their pattern

A

Round = straight, oval = wavy, and rectangular = curly/kinky

25
Q

What are the layers of the follicle wall

A

Internal epithelial root sheath, external epithelial root sheath, glassy/basement membrane, and connective tissue root sheath (dermal)

26
Q

What is the hair papilla

A

Capillary rich structure of CT that provides nutrients to quickly dividing cells (anchoring structure where new cells are added)

27
Q

What is androgenic alopecia

A

Also known as male pattern baldness usually caused by a change in hormone levels, particularly androgens (testosterone converted to dihydrotestosterone/DHT), that shrinks follicles

28
Q

What are the structures of the nail

A

The nail matrix, nail (root, body, and nail bed), and lunula

29
Q

What is the nail

A

Hard layers of keratin that correspond to superficial part of the epidermis. New cells are added at the root and the nail bed anchors everything in place (bruised when smashed)

30
Q

What is the nail matrix

A

Actively growing layer of cells and keratin is added to the root of the nail

31
Q

What is the lunula

A

The visible part of the matrix

32
Q

What is the cuticle

A

Dead skin that protects from bacteria

33
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Secrete sebum/oil into hair follicle, stimulated by androgens (hormones), soften and lubricate skin to create a waterproof seal, not found in palms of hands or soles of feet because there’s no hair

34
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of sudofireous glands

A

Present even when there’s not hair, sweat glands (including mammary glands), prevent body overheating, either eccrine or apocrine

35
Q

What are the characteristics of an eccrine sudofireous gland

A

Develops early in life, most numerous, and empty onto body surface

36
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of apocrine sudoriferous glands

A

Develop during puberty because of new hairs, in the adulatory, genital, and anal areas, stimulated by androgens, open into hair follicles, result in B.O

37
Q

What are the types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

38
Q

What are the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma

A

Abnormal dividing keratinocytes of stratum basale grown into dermis and hypodermis, most common, with 99% cure rate because it doesn’t spread easily

39
Q

What are the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Abnormal cells arise from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, quickly growing but cure rate around 99%, common of regions of skin exposed to sun but also found in epithelial layers associated with other organs

40
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes, only about 5% of skin cancers, most dangerous because melanocytes are likely to leave, and cells metastasize quickly into blood vessels

41
Q

What is a scar

A

Damage to the dermis (potentially deeper) causing collagen producing cells to speed up

42
Q

What is a keloid scar

A

Based on genetic predisposition (and perhaps location in the body), collagen fibers continue to be produced after healing is complete

43
Q

What are stretch marks

A

Elastic fibers in the dermis breaking

44
Q

What is the integument bad at

A

Gas exchange

Anatomy (16 decks)

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