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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system

A

Bring in oxygen to fuel cells and remove CO2, produce sound (air over vocal folds), smell (air past receptors in nasal cavity), protection (coughing and sneezing to clear airways)

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2
Q

What are the three kinds of respiration

A

Ventilation (breathing), gas exchange (external and internal between cells), and oxygen utilization by cells

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3
Q

Can gas exchange occur between capillaries in the skin and the surrounding air

A

No

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4
Q

Where is the first place gas exchange can happen

A

Between the air and red blood cells in the lungs

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5
Q

Where is internal respiration

A

Everywhere other than the red blood cells in the lungs

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6
Q

What are the zones in the respiratory system

A

Conduction zone (bulk that transports air), respiratory zone (where external gas exchange occurs)

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7
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone

A

Transports air in and out of lungs/alveoli, warms and humidified air via tissues, and filters out dust and other harmful particles (mucus traps and rids it)

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8
Q

What “organs” make up the conducting zones

A

Trachea, main/primary bronchus, secondary/lobar bronchus, segmental/tertiary bronchus

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9
Q

What makes up the respiratory zones

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli (air sacs)

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10
Q

What are the 6 regions of the respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchus, and lungs

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11
Q

What are the support structures or the external nose

A

Nasal bone, hyaline cartilage, and dense CT

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12
Q

What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity

A

Filter, warm, humidify air, smell (receptor cells), and speech (resonating chamber)

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13
Q

What makes up the epithelium of the nasal cavity (3 things)

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar/PCC, lots of goblet cells, underlying lamina propria with erythrocytes (vascular, warms air, source of nose bleeds), nasal glands

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14
Q

What are the nasal glands

A

Serous cells secrete digestive enzymes to destroy bacteria, mucus cells secrete mucus to cover and protect (seromucous gland)

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15
Q

What is a mucus membrane

A

Epithelial tissue and underlying lamina propria

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16
Q

Why do we have runny noses in the winter

A

Cold air slows down cilia so they can’t move the sheets of mucus

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17
Q

What are the features of the nasal cavity

A

External nares and vestibule, nasal conchae, cribriform plate

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18
Q

What are the external nares and vestibule

A

Opening to nasal cavity lined by protective hairs/vibrissae

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19
Q

What are the nasal conchae/turbinates

A

Bony ridges (superior, middle, and inferior) that cause air turbulence to aid in cleaning air

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20
Q

What’s the cribriform plate

A

Lined with specialized receptor cells for smell

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21
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary air filled cavities lined by PCC

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22
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do

A

Lighten the skull, warm and moisten air, with just one opening into the nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is the nasal meatus

A

Opening for sinus into the nasal cavity

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24
Q

What is a sinus infection

A

Inflammation of epithelium caused by virus or bacteria that makes over-secretion of mucus, blocks meatus, and creates pressure

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25
Q

What is the nasal septum

A

Bone and cartilage that separates nasal cavity in half

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26
Q

What is a deviated septum

A

Cartilage becomes misaligned which disrupts air flow

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27
Q

How is the pharynx divided

A

Nasopharynx (posterior nares to soft palate, PCC), oropharynx (soft palate to epiglottis, stratified squamous), and laryngopharynx (epiglottis to larynx, stratified squamous)

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28
Q

What defines the end of the nasal cavity

A

The posterior nasal aperture

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29
Q

What makes up the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils/adenoids (lymphoid tissue of immune system), pharyngotympanic tube (connects to middle ear)

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30
Q

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube

A

Opening of the tubes allows pressure to equalize because air can flow between the nasopharynx and the middle ear

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31
Q

What are the features of the oropharynx

A

Palatine and lingual tonsils (lymphoid tissue)

32
Q

What is tonsillitis

A

Inflammation of palatine tonsils

33
Q

What’s the function of the laryngopharynx

A

Connects the pharynx with opening to larynx (air) and esophagus (food)

34
Q

What are the functions of the larynx

A

Air passage and voice production

35
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage that folds over to protect the larynx from food

36
Q

What epithelial tissue is the larynx

A

Stratified squamous above vocal folds (protects from abrasion), PCC below (mucus, cilia move mucus up and away from lungs)

37
Q

What are the cartilage structures of the larynx

A

Epiglottis, thyroid (attachment site for vocal folds), cricoid (supports back of larynx), arytenoid (anchors vocal folds posteriorly)

38
Q

What structures keep the larynx open

A

Hyaline cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid

39
Q

What are the vocal folds

A

Known as true vocal cords, sheets of elastic fibers covered by mucosa and suspended between thyroid (anterior) and arytenoid (posterior)

40
Q

What do vocal folds do

A

Vibrate when air passes over, longer for lower voice, shorter for higher voice

41
Q

What are vestibular folds

A

Known as false vocal cords, folds of mucosa thay support vocal folds

42
Q

What is the rima glottidis

A

Space between open vocal cords

43
Q

What is the glottis

A

Vocal folds and the rima glottis

44
Q

What is laryngitis

A

Excess mucus production and inflammation that prevents proper vibration of vocal folds

45
Q

What are vocal cord lesions

A

Polyp (vascular, larger, and blister like) or nodes (callus like scar tissue) result from overuse and trauma, can be treated with surgery

46
Q

Rundown of Castrati

A

Castrated before puberty, low testosterone, larynx doesn’t enlarge (voice doesn’t change), but epiphyseal plates also don’t close normally

47
Q

What is the trachea

A

Flexible with strong connection to the lungs, PCC with goblet cells, 16-20 hyaline cartilage (strength) rings joined by fibroelastic CT (flexibility)

48
Q

What are the specialized mucus secreting structures in the trachea

A

Goblet cells and seromucous glands (submucosa)

49
Q

What causes smokers cough

A

Toxins paralyze cilia causing a build up of mucus

50
Q

What layer lines the epiglottis, trachea, and pharynx

A

The Adventitia

51
Q

What muscle completes the back of the trachea and what does it do

A

The trachealis muscle regulates air flow by constricting (can play a role in asthma)

52
Q

What is the carina

A

The last ring of tracheal cartilage where the trachea splits off

53
Q

What is the function of the carina

A

Epithelial cells are very sensitive to irritants and excess mucus so it is protective because it can initiate a cough reflex

54
Q

How does the bronchial tree branch

A

Main (1/lung), lobar (1/lobe), segmental (1/bronchopulmonary segment), bronchioles (lack cartilage)

55
Q

What’s the anatomy of the main bronchi

A

Cartilage rings replaced by irregular cartilage plates, lined by PCC, right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical

56
Q

If something gets into the airway, which one is it more likely to go into

A

The right lung

57
Q

How many lobes does each lung have

A

Right has 3 (superior, middle, inferior), and left has 2 (superior and inferior)

58
Q

How many bronchiopulmonary segments does each lung have

A

Right has 10, left has 8-10

59
Q

How does smooth muscle change in the bronchial tree

A

It thins until it’s absent around the alveoli

60
Q

What is bronchial asthma

A

Irritation of epithelium by allergens, cold air, etc activated mast cells and causes inflammation of mucous membrane, bronchioconstriction, and increased mucus secretions

61
Q

What are common treatments for bronchial asthma

A

Bronchiodialators (inhibits smooth muscle contractions), glucocorticoids (reduces inflammation)

62
Q

How does cartilage transition in the bronchial tree

A

Regular plates to irregular plates to none

63
Q

How does epithelium transition in the bronchial tree

A

PCC to simple columnar (cilia and mucus cells reduced) simple cuboidal (no cilia or mucus cells) to simple squamous

64
Q

What is the alveolar sac

A

An alveolar duct plus alveoli

65
Q

What do alveoli do

A

Increase volume and surface area of lungs for gas exchange

66
Q

What does the capillary network around the alveoli do

A

Gets red blood cells to alveoli for gas exchange

67
Q

What structures make up the respiratory membrane

A

Simple squamous epithelium of the capillary wall, simple squamous epithelium of the alveolar wall (endothelium), and basal lamina (CT acts as glue)

68
Q

What are the 3 cell types of the respiratory membrane

A

Bulk of type 1 (simple squamous), type 2 (cuboidal that secrete surfactant to decrease surface tension), macrophages (trap inhaled particles and remove them to mucus)

69
Q

What are the cell types in the respiratory membrane

A

Bull of type 1 cells (simple squamous), type 2 (cuboidal that secreted surfactant to decrease surface tension), macrophages (trap inhaled particles and remove them to mucus)

70
Q

What is the function of alveolar pores

A

Equalizes pressure between alveoli

71
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome

A

Type II cells not fully functional, premature infants can’t easily inflate collapsed alveoli. Can inhale synthetic surfactant

72
Q

What is a lobule in the lung

A

1 larger bronchiole and it’s branches

73
Q

What is a stroma of the lungs

A

Elastic CT surrounding and supporting connecting lobules

74
Q

What cavity are the lungs in

A

Pleural cavity

75
Q

What’s another name for the alveolar wall

A

Endothelium

Anatomy (16 decks)

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