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Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in an average adult

A

206

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2
Q

What is the skeletal system made of

A

Bone, cartilage, nerves, blood vessels, and epithelial tissues

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3
Q

What is present in cartilage

A

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes, lacuna, extracellular matrix

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4
Q

What is around cartilage (like a rind)

A

The perichondrium made of dense irregular CT

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5
Q

Are there blood vessels or nerves in cartilage

A

No it is avascular

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6
Q

Where are chondroblasts in cartilage

A

Between cartilage and perichondrium

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7
Q

What are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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8
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant, mostly collagen fibers, a firm matrix that cushions and resists compression

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9
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

In the external ear and epiglottis

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10
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Mostly elastic fibers with some collagen, able to withstand repeated bending, not innervated but surrounding tissues are

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11
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage

A

In the articulate cartilage of joints, costal cartilage, cartilages in the nose, as well as the larynx, thyroid cartilage, cricoid, trachea, and respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax

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12
Q

Where is fibrocartilage in the body

A

I’m intervertebral discs, the meniscus, and pubic symphysis

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13
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Higher concentration of collagen fibers than hyaline, no elastic fibers, less water, strongest and able to resist tension and absorb compressive forces

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14
Q

What is the function cartilage

A

To provide flexibility

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15
Q

What 6 functions are associated with the skeleton

A

Support (framework for attachment and support for soft tissues), movement (works with muscular system), protection (hard covering for brain, spinal cord, ribs, etc.), mineral reservoir (Ca and phosphates store in matrix for when body needs), hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis (has red bone marrow to produce red blood cells), and endocrine function (osteoblasts secrete hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels while producing fibers)

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16
Q

Are bones organs

A

Yes, they have epithelial tissue, Bone CT and dense CT

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17
Q

What are the 4 shapes of bone

A

Long bones (digits except wrist and ankle, humorous, etc.), short bones (wrist and ankle, trapezoid, etc.), flat bones (in skull and sternum), and irregular bones (vertebra)

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18
Q

What is the structure of flat, irregular, and short bones

A

Spongy bone sandwiched between 2 layers of compact bone

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19
Q

What is the structure of the long bone

A

A diaphysis with a medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow between two epiphyses (proximal made of spongy bone closest to body and distal furthest from body)

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20
Q

What is yellow bone marrow

A

Full of adipocytes (fat cells) and replaces red bone marrow between 8-18 years old

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21
Q

What is the endosteum

A

Surrounds yellow blood marrow, made of loose Ct, osteogenic (new growth happens here), containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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22
Q

What type of cartilage is on the epiphysis of a bone

A

Articular hyaline cartilage to prevent bone on bone contact

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23
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate

A

The growth plate where active growth occurs in the long bone

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24
Q

What is the epiphyseal line

A

The region of bone that is left behind when cartilage leaves/ossified growth plate that forms when growth is done

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25
Q

From epiphysis to diaphysis, what are the layers of hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate of a growing bone

A

Resting, proliferation (where cells undergo mitosis), hypertrophic (older cartilage cells enlarging), calcification (matrix calcifies, cartilage cells dies, matrix starts deteriorating), and ossification (new bone formation is occurring)

26
Q

What are the steps in an epiphyseal plate

A

New cartilage, space gets bigger, calcifies, turns to bone

27
Q

What is the mnemonic for the organization of hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate of growing bone

A

Real People Have Career Options

28
Q

In the growth plate, which part is growing

A

The diaphysis grows in length and pushes the epiphysis away

29
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Dense irregular CT surrounding outside of bone except where articular cartilage is that is osteogenic containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts that actively remodels bone and allows for widening

30
Q

What are perforating fibers

A

Bundles of collagen fibers that secure periosteum to bone because the collagen fibers from dense irregular CT and bone interweave

31
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Cells typically on the edge of bone that make new cells and secreted the osteoid

32
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature osteoblasts typically inside bone after being trapped that signal and maintain chemical levels

33
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down old matrix and bone via HCl to allow for remodeling and help maintain homeostasis, releasing broken down material into the bloodstream

34
Q

What are nutrient arteries

A

Arteries that pierce the periosteum to supply bone with blood

35
Q

What is the osteoid

A

The organic portion of bone matrix made of collagen fibers and ground substance

36
Q

What is the inorganic portion of the bone matrix

A

Miners crystals of calcium and phosphates called hydroxyapatite that harden and surround collagen

37
Q

What is the matrix

A

The non-cellular portion of bone

38
Q

What is an osteon

A

A structural unit of compact bone

39
Q

What is the central canal in compact bone

A

The center of osteon

40
Q

What are lamellae in compact bone

A

Rings of bone

41
Q

What are canaliculus in compact bone

A

Channels that connect lacunae allowing for nutrient and oxygen transport

42
Q

What are circumferential lamella in compact bone

A

Rings that run around the circumference of diaphysis just under the periosteum

43
Q

What is the endosteum

A

Loose CT lines bony canals and covers trabeculae that makes new bones and lines canals

44
Q

What is another word for compact bone

A

Cortical bone

45
Q

What are interstitial lamella

A

Remnants of old osteons in the process of being broken down

46
Q

How are fibers arranged in adjacent lamella

A

Perpendicular to one another to increase strength and resist applied forces to bone

47
Q

What is another word for spongy bone

A

Trabecular bone

48
Q

What are trabeculae

A

Beams of spongy bone with osteocytes lined by endosteum, the space between which is filled with red bone marrow

49
Q

How are lamellae arranged in spongy bone

A

Like a sheet instead of rings

50
Q

What is spongy bone good for

A

Resisting forces in many directions and forming a lighter skeleton

51
Q

What is compact bone better for

A

The stronger bone type for resisting forces in one direction and storing minerals in its matrix

52
Q

What extra function do osteocytes play in spongy bone

A

They sense local changes in strain

53
Q

What does endochondral ossification mean

A

Bone forms within cartilage

54
Q

What are the 2 ways bone grow

A

Can be intramembranous or endochondral

55
Q

What happens in intramembranous bone growth

A

Bone forms directly from embryonic tissue called medenchyme full of stem cells (e.g. in skull and clavicle)

56
Q

What happens in endochondral bone growth

A

Hyaline cartilage forms as precursor to bone and is then replaced by bone (e.g. most bones, growth plates and pieces of cartilage)

57
Q

What is the purpose of the ruffled border of the osteoclast

A

The membrane gives more surface to secrete HCl

58
Q

What are the stages of healing of a bone fracture

A

Hematoma formation then fibrocartilaginous callus formation (dense CT with hyaline and fibrocartilage) where collagen grows into hematoma for strength around damaged bone, bony callus forms (trabeculae first), bone remodels (can be stronger because the compact bone is thicker)

59
Q

What is osteomalacia

A

Often in kids, lack of nutrients or UV light that makes it so that there’s not enough calcium (via ingestion or absorption) to add to the matrix, causing them to be softer and bend over time with weight and force

60
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Weakening of already constructed bones creating porous appearance because the matrix is being broken down faster than healthy bone can be added back caused by low androgens, limited calcium intake, genetic predisposition, and/or smaller skeleton

Anatomy (16 decks)

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