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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (cranial nerves and branches, spinal nerves and branches)

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2
Q

What are interneurons

A

Neurons of the CNS

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3
Q

What happens to sensory input in the nervous system

A

Afferent, sensory receptors monitor internal and external changes, stimuli sent to CNS for processing

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4
Q

What is integration of information

A

CNS processes info from multiple receptors and dictates a response

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5
Q

What is motor output of nervous system

A

Efferent, initiation and activation of motor response sent through PNS

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6
Q

Pneumonic for distinguishing afferent and efferent neurons

A

A before E (alphabetically)

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7
Q

What are the 2 groups of cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons (excitable cells that respond to stimulus and carry an electrical impulse) and supporting cells (non-excitable cells that help neurons function more efficiently)

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8
Q

What are the structures of a neuron

A

Cell body/soma (single nucleus and organelles), dendrites (receptive regions only in some), and axons (carry info away, end at axon terminals/synapse, often surrounded by myelin sheath)

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of myelin sheaths in the PNS

A

Made of Schwann cells that insulate the axon so the action potential can travel quicker

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the myelin sheath of the CNS

A

Formed by ogilodendrocytes, like octopus the cell has multiple processes that can wrap around the axons of different interneurons

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11
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

Gradual destruction of myelin in CNS (can’t stop it just keep from worsening), allows plaques to form and disrupt action potential, causes motor and sensory problems over time

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12
Q

What is a nerve

A

A collection of many axons in the PNS (motor and sensory neurons)

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13
Q

What is a tract

A

Collection of axons in the CNS (interneurons traveling in same direction)

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of multipolar neurons

A

Most common, axon and 2+ dentrites, motor neurons in PNS and interneurons in CNS

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of bipolar neurons

A

Only in PNS (retina and few other locations), axon and single dendrite attached at cell body, special sensory neurons

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of a unipolar neuron

A

Only in PNS, typical sensory neuron, single axon connected via short process to cell body, no dendrites

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of sensory neurons

A

Afferent, cell bodies clustered in ganglia, unipolar

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of motor neurons

A

Efferent, cell bodies within CNS, multipolar

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19
Q

What do visceral functions deal with

A

Viscera are organs within body cavities

20
Q

What do somatic functions deal with

A

Anything other than organs within body cavities, especially skeletal muscles and skin

21
Q

What are the 6 general somatic sensory functions

A

Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception in skin, body wall, and limbs

22
Q

What are the 4 special somatic sensory functions

A

Hearing, equilibrium, vision, and smell

23
Q

What are the somatic motor functions

A

Motor innervation of all skeletal muscles

24
Q

What are the visceral motor functions

A

Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

25
Q

What is the structure of a nerve

A

Organ made of cells (neurons and schwann cells) surrounded by CT to form fascicles and blood vessels between them

26
Q

What is the endoneurium

A

Thin reticular CT that surrounds axons and myelin sheaths

27
Q

What is the Perineurium

A

Fibrous CT (stronger than endoneurium) that surrounds fascicles of axons

28
Q

What is the epineurium

A

Dense irregular CT that surrounds the whole nerve

29
Q

What are the coverings of a nerve and what do they do

A

The endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium prevent neurons from communicating when they shouldn’t

30
Q

What is a synapse

A

Where neurons communicate with each other or other types of cells

31
Q

What are synaptic vesicles

A

Vesicles within axon terminals that house neurotransmitters, stimulated by AP to fuse with wall and release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

32
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers (acetylcholine and norepinephrine) released into synaptic cleft

33
Q

What are the types of synapses

A

Axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic

34
Q

What is an axodendritic synapse

A

Presynaptic axon synapses to postsynaptic dendritic (most common)

35
Q

What is an axosomatic synapse

A

Presynaptic axon synapses to postsynaptjc cell body

36
Q

What are axoaxonic synapses

A

Presynaptic axon synapses to postsynaptic axon

37
Q

What are the supporting cells of the CNS

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendroxytes

38
Q

What are the supporting cells of the PNS

A

Satellite cells, and schwann cells

39
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of astrocytes

A

Star-shapes cells, most abundant, surround capillaries and neurons, nourish neurons (transfer glucose from capillaries), and take up excess neurotransmitters from extracellular spaces

40
Q

What are the characteristics of microglia

A

Smallest and least abundant, macrophages that engulf and remove invading organisms and dead/damaged neural tissue, protect brain from pathogens

41
Q

What are the characteristics of ependymal cells

A

Make up ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium of CNS, line central hollow portions (ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord), and cilia help circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

42
Q

What do satellite cells do

A

Surround cell body and prevent info crossover when there are lots of soma close together

43
Q

What are ganglia

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies (protective place for them)

44
Q

What is Tic Douloureux/trigeminal neuralgia

A

Nerve disorder that causes sensation of stabbing pain or shock in regions of the face

45
Q

What is one cause of Tic Douloureux

A

Trigeminal nerve has sensory axons from touch, pain, pressure, etc. receptors all grouped in ganglion close to the brain, satellite cells degenerate so into leaks out to other neurons

Anatomy (16 decks)

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