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Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What’s another word for a joint

A

An articulation

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2
Q

What is a joint

A

Where two or more bones meet

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3
Q

What are the three types of joints

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial

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4
Q

What type of joint has a joint cavity

A

Synovial joint

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5
Q

What are fibrous joints made up of

A

Dense regular CT (collagen fibers)

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6
Q

What kind of mobility do fibrous joints have

A

Synarthrotic or Amphiarthrotic

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7
Q

What’s the construction of cartilaginous joints

A

Cartilage connects the bones

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8
Q

What’s an example of a fibrous joint

A

Skull sutures

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9
Q

What is the mobility of cartilaginous joints

A

Synarthrotic or Amphiarthrotic

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10
Q

What’s an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

Intervertebral discs

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11
Q

Whats the construction of a synovial joint

A

Ligaments and articular capsule connect bones and the ends of the bones are covered by articular cartilage

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12
Q

What’s the movement of synovial joints

A

Diarthrotic

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13
Q

What is a synarthrosis

A

An immobile joint

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14
Q

What is amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable joint

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15
Q

What is diarthrosis

A

A freely movable joint

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16
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints

A

Suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of sutures

A

Synarthrotic, short dense regular CT fibers connecting flat bones, allows for skull growth but fuses slowly as we age

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18
Q

What does syndesmosis stand for

A

Syn means united, desm means ligament

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of a syndesmosis

A

Most are amphiarthrotic because they’re dense regular CT fibers longer than sutures, and they’re typically found between long bones (e.g. radius and ulna)

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of a gomphosis

A

Synarthrotic, the periodontal ligament connects the tooth to the bone if the socket

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21
Q

What are the kinds of cartilaginous joints

A

Symphysis and synchondroses

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of a symphysis

A

Amphiarthrotic, bones are separated by a fibrocartilage pad (e.g. pubic symphysis joining pelvis and front)

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of a synchondrosis

A

Synarthrotic, bones united by hyaline cartilage (e.g. epiphyseal plate of long bone)

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24
Q

What is the articular capsule made of

A

Sheath-like dense irregular CT with a fibrous capsule on the outside and the synovial membrane inside

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25
What is the function of the synovial membrane
To provide lubricating synovial fluid
26
What is the fibrous capsule
Dense irregular CT that’s an extension of the periosteum
27
What is the synovial membrane
Loose CT that is vascular and produces synovial fluid
28
What does synovial fluid do
Lubricates the inside of the capsule, blood filtrate (water and nutrients), adds glycoproteins from secretory cells of CT, and nourishes chondrocytes (like sponge, pressure changes on cartilage makes fluid move in and out of the cartilage)
29
What cell in the synovial membrane secreted synovial fluid and makes glycoproteins
Fibroblasts
30
What is the articular disc
Fibrocartilage disc inside some synovial joints (e.g meniscus, TMJ)
31
What is rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks inner loose CT in capsules and causes inflammation of synovial membranes (causes pain and swelling of joints)
32
What is the timeline of rheumatoid arthritis
Inflamed synovial membrane forms a granular pannus, cartilage and bone are damaged by this pannus, fibrous scar tissue slowly replaces pannus and can cause bones to fuse
33
What is osteoarthritis
Most common due to normal aging process and can be hereditary. Articular cartilage breaks down via normal enzyme activity or excessive use (can heal but not quickly and needs a sense of movement), results in bone on bone contact that damages articular surface
34
What is gouty arthritis (gout)
Lots of uric acid in the blood precipitates out as crystals into synovial joints (tophus), body then starts inflammatory response to digest crystals that also causes bone erosion
35
What is uric acid
Normal waste product produced by the liver during purine metabolization (spinach, red meat, shrimp, etc) and expelled by kidneys
36
Where does gout usually first occur
The big toe because BP is low due to distance from the heart
37
What are the movements of diarthrotic joints
Translational, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial
38
What is translational movement
Flat, gliding surfaces where the joint can move in multiple directions but only within one plane (e.g. wrists)
39
What is uniaxial movement
Joint moves around one axis allowing for flexion and extension
40
What is biaxial movement
Joint moves around 2 axes allowing for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g. knuckles)
41
What is multiaxial movement
Joint moves around 3 or more axes allowing for circumduction, abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension, often least stable (e.g. shoulder)
42
What are the types of 6 synovial joints based on movement
Hinge joints, pivot joints, plane joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints
43
What type of movement is a hinge joint
Uniaxial (e.g. elbow and finger joints) allowing for flexion and extension
44
What type of movement is a pivot joint
Uniaxial (e.g. the middle of the radius bone) allowing for pronation and supination
45
What type of movement does a plane joint have
Translational (e.g. ankle and waving)
46
What are the characteristics of a condyloid joint
Biaxial (e.g. knuckles and the knee) allowing for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, comprised of a rounded part and a more conclaves cavity
47
What type of movement does a saddle joint have
Biaxial (e.g. the base of the thumb) allowing for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
48
What type of movement does a ball-and-socket joint have
Multiaxial (e.g. shoulders and hip) allowing for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
49
What is a bursa
A closed fibrous sac like a water balloon lined by the synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid in ball and socket joints (can be outside the joint)
50
What is the function of a bursa
To roll and reduce friction between ligaments and bones (ball bearing effect)
51
What is bursitis
Inflammation and swelling of the bursa (though it can be removed because it will grow back and repair itself)
52
What is the tendon sheath
An elongated bursa-like structure (like a pancake) wrapping around tendons in high friction tight spaced areas
53
What is carpal tunnel syndrome
Inflammation of tendon sheaths and usually buildup of fluid that puts pressure on nerves passing through the carpal tunnel
54
What bones make up the knee
The femur, patella, and tibia
55
What bone is not part of the knee, despite articulating with the tibia
The fibula
56
What are the joints of the knee
The tibiofemoral (tibia and femur) and femoropatellar (femur and patella) share one joint capsule and cavity
57
What are the characteristics of the femoropatellar joint
Plane joint (glides) that works with the quadriceps femoris muscle in leg extension, the patella acts as a pulley to exert more force
58
What is chondromalacia patellae
Inflammation of cartilage of patella. Patellar glade and femoral tilt causes abnormal patella position that shifts force onto one part of the knee and softens cartilage on the other part
59
What are the characteristics of a tibiofemoral joint
Bichondylar hinge joint between tibia and femur that must withstand body weight (stability and mobility) allowing for flexion, extension, medial and lateral rotation, bones meet at an angle
60
What are the characteristics of a bichondylar hinge joint
Articulations between both lateral and medial chondyles allowing for more movement than either hinge or chondyl joints
61
How does the tibiofemoral joint get stability
Ligaments, tendons of quadriceps, and menisci (fibrocartilaginous discs creating a bit more of a concave surface)
62
What are the 4 ligaments outside the capsule of the knee
Oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal, tibial (medial) collateral, and fibular (lateral) collateral
63
What does popliteal indicate
That it’s located at the back of the knee
64
Where is the oblique popliteal ligament
At an angle expanding through the posterior portion capsule
65
Where is the arcuate popliteal ligament
Forming an arc/bow attaching the head of the fibula to the posterior region of the capsule to stabilize
66
Where is the tibial collateral ligament and what does it do
To the inside/left of the knee attaching the tibia to the femur and the medial meniscus to prevent medial movement of the leg and stop leg extension
67
Where is the fibular collateral ligament and what does it do
On the outside/right of the knee attaching the fibula to the femur to prevent lateral movement and stop leg extension
68
What are the 2 ligaments inside the knee capsule and what do they do
The cruciate ligaments (anterior and posterior) allow the knee to lock
69
Where is the anterior cruciate ligament located
At the supero-anterior tibia an posterior surface of the femur (crosses so that it goes back and up)
70
Where is the posterior cruciate ligament located
Attaches the posterior region of the tibia and more anterior region of the femur
71
What does the posterior cruciate ligament do
Prevents anterior sliding of the femur (stops the femur from shifting forwards and backwards and the tibia from shifting back)
72
What does the anterior cruciate ligament do
Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia (stops the tibia from shifting forwards and the femur from sliding back)
73
What are the menisci
Horseshoe shaped fibrocartilaginous discs that sit in top of the tibial plateau. Medial one is open c shape, lateral is closed c shape
74
What do the menisci do
Enlarge contact between tibia and femur, guide and support chondyles, and increases surface for weight to transfer across
75
How is the anterior cruciate ligament repaired
Using a piece of the patellar ligament that attached the patellar to the femur
76
What is a sprain
A stretched or torn ligament
77
What is a strain
A stretched or torn tendon or muscle

Anatomy (16 decks)

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