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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system

A

To break down food and drink into absorbable nutrients to be used for energy

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2
Q

How long does it take to digest something in average

A

24 hours

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3
Q

What are the 6 structures of the alimentary canal

A

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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4
Q

What are accessory digestive organs

A

Organs that act in digestive processes (helps with absorption and makes things to be secreted into the alimentary canal) but food doesn’t pass through the structures

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5
Q

What organs are accessory digestive organs

A

The tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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6
Q

What is ingestion

A

Putting food into the mouth

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7
Q

What is propulsion

A

Moving food through the canal (swallowing and peristalsis via smooth muscle)

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8
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Organized contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle layers to push food through the alimentary canal in one direction

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9
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Physical break down of food particles including chewing (with tongue), churning, and segmentation (in stomach)

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10
Q

What is segmentation

A

Contraction of smooth muscle to move chyme back and forth to mix it and break down

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11
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Break down of food particles using enzymes

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12
Q

What is absorption

A

Particles (sugars, fatty acids, etc) transported from the canal/lumen into the blood and lymph capillaries

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13
Q

What is defecation

A

Indigestible products eliminated from body as feces

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14
Q

What is the only intracellular part of digestion

A

Absorption

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15
Q

What are the layers of the organs in the alimentary canal

A

The mucosa (lining the lumen), submocosa (support layer of CT), muscularis externa (smooth muscle layer), and serosa/visceral peritoneum (outer surface)

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16
Q

What layers of the alimentary canal have an epithelium

A

The mucosa and serosa layers

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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa

A

The epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa

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18
Q

What does the epithelium of the mucosa do

A

Produce mucus, absorb, and protect. Also continuous with many digestive (exocrine) glands where enzymes are being made

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the mucosa

A

Loose areolar CT, capillary rich (for absorption), made of mucosa associate lymphoid tissue (MALT) to protect against bacteria

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the muscularis mucosa

A

A thin layer of smooth muscle for fine/localized movements

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21
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the submucosa

A

Like loose areolar CT but thicker with more collagen fibers for support, highly vascularized (blood supply to mucosa for nutrient absorption), glands connecting to lumen, and submucosal nerve plexus (for control of muscle cells, glandular secretions, etc)
All for absorption and transport

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the muscularis externa

A

2 layers of smooth muscle (circular inner layer to squeeze band longitudinal outer layer to shorten for peristalsis and segmentation) and the myenteric nerve plexus

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23
Q

What is the serosa

A

Serous membrane made of simple squamous epithelium with a thin loose areolar CT found in organs within the abdominal cavity

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24
Q

What’s another name for the serosa

A

Visceral peritoneum

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25
Q

What is the mesentery

A

2 layers of serous membrane coming together (neither lining the organ or the cavity)

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26
Q

What is the adventitia

A

Fibrous CT that forms outer layer of the esophagus (which doesn’t have a serosa) to help anchor

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27
Q

What do nerve plexuses do

A

Allow for a localized response within visceral organs, partially independent of central nervous system

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28
Q

What does the myenteric nerve plexus do

A

Controls peristalsis and segmentation within muscularis externa

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29
Q

What does the submucosal nerve plexus do

A

Controls secretions of glands and muscularis mucosa contractions within submucosa

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30
Q

What is the oral cavity/mouth involved in

A

Ingestion, mechanical digestion (chewing), and chemical digestion (saliva to break down carbs)

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31
Q

What epithelium lines the oral cavity and why

A

Stratified squamous because of the abrasion and temperature differences

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32
Q

What other tissue structure is the oral cavity made of

A

Thin submucosa layer anchored directly to underlying bone

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33
Q

What are the lips

A

Margin between skin and oral cavity made of keratinized like skin without any sudoriferous or sebaceous glands

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34
Q

How are human teeth characterized

A

Heterodont dentition (different shapes for different jobs), 20 deciduous/baby (6 months to 6 years), 32 permanent that slowly replace babies

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35
Q

What are the 4 types of permanent teeth

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars (last set of molars are the wisdom teeth)

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36
Q

What do incisors do and how many are there

A

4 pairs with 1 root and flat surface good for cutting and shearing food

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37
Q

What do canines do and how many are there

A

2 pairs with one root good for holding and tearing

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38
Q

What do premolars do and how many are there

A

4 pairs with 1-2 roots, at least 2 cusps, and a broad rounded surface good for grinding

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39
Q

What do molars do and how many are there

A

6 pairs with 2-3 roots and 4-5 cusps good for grinding surfaces

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40
Q

What are the regions of a tooth

A

Crown (above gumline), neck (within gums), and root (inside bone)

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41
Q

What are the layers of a tooth

A

Pulp, dentin, enamel, cementum, and periodontal ligaments

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42
Q

What is the pulp of a tooth

A

In the very center, loose areolar CT (with nerves and blood vessels), providing nutrients and sensation, and odontoblasts at the edge to create dentin

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43
Q

What is the dentin of a tooth

A

Thick layer that doesn’t remodel and mainly determines color, made of collagen (from odontoblasts) and minerals, harder than bone, no blood vessels or cells

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44
Q

What is the enamel of a tooth

A

Primarily clear, 99% calcium, added by ameloblasts during development, without cells or blood vessels

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45
Q

What is the cementum of the tooth

A

Only in the root to anchor the tooth to bone, calcified CT similar to bone, with cementoblasts continually replacing

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46
Q

What are periodontal ligaments

A

Dense CT attaching cementum to bony socket

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47
Q

What type of joint are periodontal ligaments

A

Gomphosis

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48
Q

What are cavities

A

Plaques made of sugar and bacteria erode enamel and dentin through acids that demineralize the tooth surface

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49
Q

What is a root canal

A

When pulp is infected, it’s drilled out to hill the tooth, the cavity is sterilized and filled, and the tooth is capped off for strength

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50
Q

Why is a root canal good

A

It allows the tooth to stay in place to prevent shifting

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51
Q

What are the characteristics of the tongue

A

Mainly skeletal muscle, covered in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, moves food and mixed with saliva to form bolus, covered in filiform papilla and fungiform and circumvallate papilla

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52
Q

What do filiform papilla do

A

Rough surface made of projections of keratin to help grab and move food

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53
Q

What do fungiform and circumvallate papilla do

A

Contains taste buds

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54
Q

What is the lingual frenulum

A

Fold of mucosa layer (epithelium and CT) connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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55
Q

What is a tongue tie

A

Lingual frenulum too far forward

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56
Q

What layer of the alimentary canal lines the lumen of a digestive organ

A

The mucosa

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57
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus

A

Mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium, areolar CT submucosa, muscularis externa (skeletal muscle in upper regions), and fibrous CT adventitia to anchor the esophagus in place

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58
Q

What are the characteristics of the salivary glands

A

Exocrine glands with distinct ducts, produces saliva, contains serous cells (secrete digestive enzymes) and mucous cells (secreted lubricating mucus)

59
Q

What are the 4 functions of saliva

A

Solvent to cleanse teeth, dissolves food to aid in taste, contains digestive enzymes to break down carbs, and had mucus to help swallow

60
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands and ducts

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

61
Q

What are the characteristics of the parotid gland and duct

A

Largest, has serous cells (watery enzyme rich secretion), drains near 2nd upper molar

62
Q

What are the characteristics of the submandibular gland and duct

A

50/50 serous to mucus cells, ducts open lateral to lingual frenulum just below tongue

63
Q

What are the characteristics of sublingual gland and duct

A

Mucus cells (thicker mucus secretion), several ducts emptying below tongue

64
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Connects oral cavity to the esophagus and nasal cavity (not involved in digestion)

65
Q

What are the sections of the pharynx that are part of the digestive system

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx made of stratified squamous epithelium to protect from abrasion

66
Q

What is the esophagus

A

Connects the pharynx to the stomach with mucous glands in submocosa and mucosa to secrete mucus to lubricator

67
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium continuous from

A

Oral cavity to the stomach

68
Q

What is the muscularis externa of the esophagus

A

Upper 1/3 skeletal, middle 1/3 mix of smooth and skeletal, lower 1/3 smooth muscle

69
Q

What are the 4/5 characteristics/functions of the stomach

A

Food turned to chyme within ~4 hours with mechanical and chemical digestion, made of simple columnar epithelium (mucous cells protect from acids), absorbs water and drugs that’re lipid soluble

70
Q

What epithelium is continuous from the stomach to the intestines

A

Simple columnar

71
Q

What are the features of the stomach

A

Rugae and sphincters (cardiac and pyloric)

72
Q

What are rugae

A

Folds of mucosa that increase surface area and allow stomach to expand

73
Q

What are sphincters

A

Thickened regions of muscularis externa (smooth muscle)

74
Q

What does the cardiac sphincter do

A

Prevents food from moving back into the esophagus

75
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do

A

Controls the release of chyme into the duodenum

76
Q

What’s special about he muscularis externa of the stomach

A

It has a 3rd innermost layer, the oblique

77
Q

What are the elements in the stomach epithelium

A

Mucous cells, gastric pits, gastric glands

78
Q

What cells are in the gastric gland

A

Mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enterendocrine cells

79
Q

What are mucous cells

A

Mucus secreting cells that prevent the stomach from eating itself

80
Q

What are gastric pits

A

Regions where epithelium pushes down into gastric gland (duct of the gland)

81
Q

What are gastric glands

A

Exocrine glands connected to the lumen through the gastric pit

82
Q

What do mucous neck cells do

A

Secrete mucus

83
Q

What do parietal cells do

A

Produce and secrete HCl (destroys bacteria) and gastric intrinsic factor/GIF (helps with absorption) into lumen for pepsin

84
Q

What do chief cells do

A

Produce and secrete pepsinogen that interacts with HCl

85
Q

What do enterendocrine cells do

A

Releases hormones (e.g. gastrin to signal parietal and chief cells and control release of gastric juices)

86
Q

What is pepsin

A

Breaks down proteins in food, mix of pepsinogen and HCl

87
Q

How often are stomach cells replaced

A

3-7 days by undifferentiated stem cells found at the junction between gastric pits and gastric glands

88
Q

What is a gastric fistula

A

Abnormal connection between the stomach and the skin that left and open hole to the stomach

89
Q

What are the characteristics of the small intestine

A

Longest segment of canal (9-15 feet), simple columnar, most of absorption and chemical digestion, chyme moves from stomach to small intestine via peristalsis and mixed via segmentation

90
Q

What are the segments of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

91
Q

What are the characteristics of the duodenum (what does it get/where)

A

Shortest, gets chyme from stomach, digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver and gallbladder

92
Q

What are the characteristics of the jejunum

A

Majority of absorption here

93
Q

What are the characteristics of the ileum

A

Longest, aids in absorption, connects to large intestine

94
Q

What are the related organs of the duodenum

A

The gallbladder, pancreas, and hepatopancreatic sphincter

95
Q

What does the gallbladder do

A

Stores and adds bile, breaks down fats, duct and sphincter controls release, empties directly into the duodenum

96
Q

What does the pancreas do (3 things)

A

Adds digestive enzymes (pancreatic juices neutralize chyme), main duct and sphincter control release, emptied directly into the duodenum

97
Q

What does the hepatopancreatic sphincter do

A

Final control valve

98
Q

What’s the ~surface area of the small intestine

A

2000 square feet

99
Q

What 4 features of the small intestine increase surface area

A

Length (~15 feet), plucae circulares (circular folds of mucosa and submucosa), villi (folds of mucosa), and microvilli (plasma membrane of apical cell surface)

100
Q

What are the associated features of the villi

A

Lamina propria, capillaries, lacteals, and muscularis mucosa

101
Q

What is the lamina propria in the villi

A

Highly vascularized, allows for increased absorption

102
Q

What are lacteals

A

Larger than capillaries, transport fats too large for capillaries

103
Q

What does the muscularis mucosa do in the villi

A

Moves villi within lumen to increase contact with nutrients to aid in absorption

104
Q

What are the 4 specialized epithelial cells of the small intestine

A

Enterocytes/Absorptive cells, goblet cells, enterendocrine cells, and cells of intestinal gland

105
Q

What are enterocytes and how do they move things

A

Majority of epithelial cells with microvilli, protein pumps move sugars and amino acids, endocytosis moves macromolecules

106
Q

What are goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus onto lumen to protect epithelium

107
Q

What do enterendocrine cells in the small intestine do

A

Secrete hormones to control the release of other substances (cholecystokinin/CCK and secretin)

108
Q

What do cells of the intestinal gland do

A

Secrete intestinal juices to suspend nutrients (new cells replace epithelium every 3-6 days)

109
Q

What does the presence of fats stimulate in the duodenum

A

Hormones travel through bloodstream and stimulate smooth muscle, CCK released, bile released, fats broken down

110
Q

What does the presence of acids stimulate

A

Secretin travels through bloodstream, stimulates pancreatic cells, pancreatic juice released to neutralize acids and enzymes help with digestion of proteins, fats, and carbs

111
Q

What are 3 characteristics of duodenal glands

A

In submucosa, ducts open into intestinal glands (crypts), secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acids in chyme

112
Q

What are paneth cells

A

In intestinal glands of small and large intestine that secrete enzymes to selectively destroy bacteria

113
Q

What is the Peyer’s Patch

A

MALT tissue with aggregated lymphoid nodules, monitors bacteria populations and prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines

114
Q

What part of the small intestinal mucosa is damaged due to celiac

A

Villi are flattened which decreases surface area

115
Q

What are the characteristics of the large intestine

A

~3 feet in length, simple columnar epithelium, mainly water absorption, stores feces, peristalsis moves fecal matter

116
Q

What are the 3 features of the large intestine

A

Epiploic appendages (fat tabs on outside), tenia coil (longitudinal strips of smooth muscle that create haustra when contracted), haustrum

117
Q

What are the 7 regions of the large intestine

A

Cecum, ileocecal valve, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal, and external anal sphincter

118
Q

What is the cecum

A

Where the ileum enters into the large intestine

119
Q

What is the ileocecal valve

A

Connects the ileum to the cecum

120
Q

What is the veriform appendix

A

Worm like, opens into cecum, lined with MALT tissue

121
Q

What are the areas of the colon

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

122
Q

What type of epithelium is the anal canal

A

Stratified squamous (continuous with skin)

123
Q

What is the external anal sphincter made of

A

Skeletal muscle

124
Q

What are the features of the anal canal

A

External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle), internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle), hemorrhoidal veins (can swell and bulge under pressure)

125
Q

What are the cells in the mucosa of the large intestine

A

Colonocytes/absorptive (mainly absorb water), goblet (mucus), intestinal glands (replace epithelial cells every 7 days)

126
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs of the abdominal cavity

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

127
Q

What are the 2 functions of the liver

A

Produces bile and processes blood from stomach and intestines (stores vitamins, processed fats and proteins, stores glucose as glycogen)

128
Q

How many lobes does the liver have

A

4: Right (largest), left, quadrate, and caudate

129
Q

What are the other features of the liver

A

Hepatic proper artery, hepatic portal vein, and inferior vena cava

130
Q

What’s the function of the hepatic proper artery

A

Provides oxygen rich blood to the liver

131
Q

What’s the function of the hepatic portal vein

A

Transports nutrient rich blood with absorbed nutrients from stomach/intestines to the liver

132
Q

What’s the function of the inferior vena cava

A

Removes blood from the liver after it’s been processed

133
Q

How are cells of the liver organized

A

In lobules

134
Q

What is a portal triad

A

Bile duct (bile out of lobule), portal venule (nutrient rich blood into lobule), and portal arteriole (oxygen rich blood into lobule)

135
Q

What are the sinusoids

A

Channels where arterial and venous blood mix (transport blood from outside mobile to center)

136
Q

What is the central vein

A

Drains blood from sinusoids out of liver

137
Q

What are hepatocytes

A

Main liver cell, does all functions livers needed for, arranged into plates, borders sinusoids to add and take out stuff from blood, produces bile, regenerative

138
Q

What are hepatic macrophages/kupffer cells

A

Move through sinusoids to destroy old blood cells and bacteria in the blood

139
Q

What is a portal system

A

Blood flows through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart

140
Q

What is bile (4 things)

A

Cholesterol, bile acids, salts, and bilirubin (product of red blood cells being broken down)

141
Q

What are gallstones

A

Cholesterol that precipitated out of bile when stored in gallbladder

142
Q

What cells are in the pancreas

A

Acinar cells produce and secrete pancreatic enzymes (juices) that break down proteins and neutralize chyme

143
Q

What is chron’s disease

A

Inflammation of alimentary canal, mainly ileum and colon that forms sores, controlled by diet

Anatomy (16 decks)

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